Overview

With the advancement of modern technologies, wireless communication has undergone a major transformation, reshaping the entire communication landscape. It continues to evolve rapidly to meet the growing demand for faster and more efficient data transmission. Human activities today increasingly rely on high-speed information exchange and seamless connectivity. The history of communication can broadly be divided into three stages: the pioneer age, the pre-cellular age, and the cellular age. During the pioneer period (1860-1921), James Clerk Maxwell developed a set of equations describing the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves. Around 1865, these fundamental laws established that electric and magnetic fields are generated by charges, currents, and variations within the fields themselves. The equations revealed that oscillating electric and magnetic fields-known as electromagnetic waves-travel at the speed of light. Several distinguished scientists conducted experiments to validate and extend these discoveries. Heinrich Hertz successfully demonstrated the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves using oscillator sparks, confirming Maxwell's theory. In 1893, Nikola Tesla proposed that energy could be transmitted wirelessly through electromagnetic radiation. Shortly afterward, in 1895, Alexander Popov built a wireless lightning detector using a coherer and published his findings. During the same period in Calcutta, physicist Jagadish Chandra Bose demonstrated the use of millimeter waves and explored the concept of semiconductor junctions-two of the most significant achievements of that era. Guglielmo Marconi later pioneered radio telegraphy, proving that radio waves could transmit messages over long distances, including across the Atlantic Ocean (over 2,200 miles). In 1948, Claude Shannon introduced his Mathematical Theory of Communication, laying the foundation for modern information theory and revolutionizing the principles of communication systems.

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