Overview

The second edition of Visualizing Microbiology contains a completely redesigned TOC and the most current coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic. This text is ideal for introductory microbiology courses for non-majors and pre-allied health students. Visualizing Microbiology brings the narrative to life with an applied clinical focus, helping students see and understand the unseen in the world of microbiology. The unique visual pedagogy of the text provides a powerful combination of content and visuals ideal for microbiology.

Full Product Details

Author:   Rodney P. Anderson (Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH) ,  Linda S. Young (BakeTran) ,  Kim R. Finer
Publisher:   John Wiley & Sons Inc
Imprint:   John Wiley & Sons Inc
Edition:   2nd Revised edition
Dimensions:   Width: 21.30cm , Height: 3.10cm , Length: 27.70cm
Weight:   1.497kg
ISBN:  

9781119592679

ISBN 10:   1119592674
Pages:   752
Publication Date:   10 December 2020
Audience:   College/higher education ,  Tertiary & Higher Education
Format:   Loose-leaf
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Out of stock  
The supplier is temporarily out of stock of this item. It will be ordered for you on backorder and shipped when it becomes available.

Table of Contents

1 The Microbial World 1 1.1 The Microbes 2 A Brief Survey of the Microbial World 3 The Dominant Form of Life on Earth 4 1.2 The Conflicts 6 Growth and Control of Microbes 6 The Role of the Immune System 8 What a Microbiologist Sees: Wrestling and the Spread of Skin Pathogens 8 Pathogenesis 9 Antimicrobial Drugs 10 1.3 Infectious Disease 11 Epidemiology and Healthy Practices 11 Host Defenses and Microbial Pathogenesis Strategies 12 Infectious Disease Statistics 12 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry 13 Case Study: Vaccination: A Casualty of War 15 1.4 Microbial Ecology and Commercial Applications 16 The Importance of Environmental Microbes 16 The Industrial Use of Microorganisms 17 Clinical Application: Pasteurization 18 2 An Introduction to the Chemical Basis of Life 24 2.1 Atoms, Elements, and Molecules 25 Elements and the Periodic Table 25 Basic Atomic Structure 27 Electron Configuration and Bonding 28 Chemical Interactions 30 What a Microbiologist Sees: Microbe Diagnosis Using Colorimetric Chemical Reactions 31 2.2 Water: Life's Most Essential Molecule 31 Water's Unique Properties 31 Aqueous Solutions 33 Acids and Bases 34 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: Diagnosis Using pH-Sensitive Chemical Reactions 36 Case Study: Trading One Infection for Another 37 2.3 Carbon's Key Role in Biochemistry 38 The Diversity of Carbon Chemistry 38 Isomers 39 Clinical Application: Isomers as a New Antibacterial Mechanism of Action 39 Building Complex Organic Molecules 40 3 The Biochemistry of Macromolecules 45 3.1 Proteins 46 The Four Levels of Protein Structure 46 Protein Diversity and Function 49 What a Microbiologist Sees: The Effect of Modified Tertiary Binding on Protein Structure 52 3.2 Enzymes 53 Enzyme Action 53 Factors Influencing the Rate of Enzyme Activity 55 3.3 Carbohydrates 57 Simple and Complex Carbohydrates 57 The Functional Diversity of Carbohydrates 59 Clinical Application: Rapid Glycogen Breakdown in a Diabetic Patient in Shock 60 3.4 Lipids 60 The Structural Classes of Lipids 61 Case Study: Acne-A Bacterial Interaction with Skin Oils 62 Lipid Functions 65 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: Ziehl-Neelsen Acid-Fast Staining of Mycolic Acid Cell Walls 66 3.5 Nucleic Acids 67 The Structures of DNA and RNA 67 Nucleic Acid Functions 68 4 Microscopy 75 4.1 Principles of Microscopy 76 Magnification 77 Resolution 78 4.2 Microscopy Used for Clinical Diagnosis 79 Bright-field Microscopy 79 Dark-field Microscopy 80 Fluorescence Microscopy 81 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: The Direct Fluorescent Antibody Assay 81 4.3 Microscopy Used for Research Investigations 82 Light Microscopy 82 What a Microbiologist Sees: Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy 83 Electron Microscopy 84 Nanoprobe-based Microscopy 84 4.4 Specimen Preparation and Staining 86 Basic Staining Procedures 86 Case Study: Diagnosing Gonorrhea Using the Gram Stain 88 Special Staining Procedures 88 Clinical Application: Diagnosing Tuberculosis Using Acid-fast Staining 89 5 Prokaryotic Organisms 95 5.1 The Prokaryote's Place in the Living World 96 Sustaining Life 96 What a Microbiologist Sees: Prokaryotes-The Dominant Form of Life on Earth 97 Symbiotic Relationships 98 5.2 Bacterial Cell Shapes and Arrangements 99 Bacterial Shapes 99 Bacterial Arrangements 99 5.3 The Bacterial Cell Wall 101 Cell Wall Structure 102 Gram-positive and Gram-negative Cell Walls 103 Atypical Cell Walls 104 Case Study: A Walking Pneumonia Outbreak at a University 105 5.4 External Structures of Bacterial Cells 106 The Glycocalyx 106 Fimbriae and Pili 106 Flagella 107 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: The Flagella Stain 108 5.5 Internal Structures of Bacterial Cells 109 The Plasma Membrane 109 The Nucleoid 110 Ribosomes 111 Plasmids, Inclusion Bodies, and Membranous Structures 112 Endospores 113 Clinical Application: Endospore-forming Bacteria 113 5.6 Prokaryotic Evolution and Classification 115 The Tree of Life 115 The Clinical Classification of Prokaryotes 117 6 The Eukaryotic Cell 122 6.1 An Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells 123 Cell Size 123 Multicellular Organisms 123 6.2 The Plasma Membrane and Cell Wall 124 The Plasma Membrane 124 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) 125 The Cell Wall 125 Clinical Application: Agar-The Ideal Solid Medium for Bacterial Culture 126 6.3 Internal Structures 127 The Nucleus and Genetic Material 128 Ribosomes 130 The Endomembrane System 130 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 131 The Cytoskeleton 132 6.4 External Structures and Other Cellular Forms 134 Cellular Junctions 134 Flagella, Cilia, and Pseudopodia 134 Spores 134 Cysts and Sporocysts 136 Case Study: Valley Fever 136 What a Microbiologist Sees: O&P Examination of Stool 137 6.5 Eukaryotic Evolution and Classification 138 The Autogenous and Endosymbiotic Hypotheses 138 The Evolution of Multicellular Organisms 140 Eukarya: A Classification Overview 140 7 Eukaryotic Organisms 145 7.1 The Algae 146 General Characteristics and Unique Features 146 A Survey of Algae 146 Pathogenic Algae 146 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: Sabouraud Dextrose Agar 148 7.2 The Protozoans 149 General Characteristics and Unique Features 149 A Survey of Protozoans 149 Pathogenic Protozoans 151 7.3 The Fungi 152 General Characteristics and Unique Features 153 What a Microbiologist Sees: The Morphological Plasticity of Candida 154 A Survey of Fungi 155 Pathogenic Fungi 157 Clinical Application: Candida auris: An Emerging Fungal Pathogen 157 7.4 The Helminths 159 General Characteristics and Unique Features 159 A Survey of the Helminths 159 Pathogenic Helminths 161 Case Study: Cravings 162 7.5 The Arthropods 163 A Survey of the Arthropods 163 Pathogenic Arthropods and Arthropod Vectors 163 8 Viruses and Infectious Particles 169 8.1 Viral Structure and Classification 170 The Structure of Viruses 170 The Classification of Viruses 172 8.2 Viral Replication Cycles 175 Viruses Replicating in Animal Cells 175 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: Presumptive Diagnosis of a Viral Infection Using CPE Analysis 179 Viruses Replicating in Bacterial Cells 179 8.3 Viruses and Human Health 181 The Clinical Cultivation of Viruses 181 The Impact of Viral Infections 181 Case Study: A Bad Case of the Flu 182 Viruses, Recurrent Infections, and Cancer 183 What a Microbiologist Sees: Connecting Symptoms with the Progression of HIV 183 8.4 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections 184 The Prevention of Viral Infections 185 Antiviral Therapies 185 Clinical Application: Protecting the Most Vulnerable Patients 185 Viral Influences on Bacterial Infections 187 8.5 Viruslike Infectious Agents 190 Viroids 190 Satellites 191 Prions 191 9 Metabolism 197 9.1 The Role of Energy in Life 198 Basic Energy Principles 198 Energy and Chemical Reactions 198 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: Identifying Bacteria by Metabolic Differences 200 9.2 Energy Production Principles 200 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 200 ATP 201 9.3 Glycolysis and Fermentation 203 Glycolysis 204 Fermentation 204 Clinical Application: The Clinical Importance of Alcohol Throughout History 207 9.4 Aerobic Cellular Respiration 208 Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle 208 The Electron Transport System 210 Lipid and Protein Catabolism 211 Integrated Metabolic Pathways 213 What a Microbiologist Sees: Microbial Bioremediation of an Oil Spill 213 9.5 Photosynthesis 214 Reactions of Photosynthesis 214 Chemosynthesis in Bacteria 219 Case Study: A Metabolic Imbalance in Grand Lake St. Mary's 220 10 Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering 226 10.1 DNA as the Genetic Material 227 DNA Structure and Functions 227 DNA Replication in Bacteria 228 10.2 From DNA to Protein 230 Transcription 230 Translation 232 10.3 Sources of Genetic Variation 234 Mutation 234 Recombination 237 Transposition 237 Case Study: The Spread of a Drug-Resistant Gene 239 10.4 Regulation of Gene Expression 240 Transcriptional Control 240 Pre-and Posttranscriptional Control 240 10.5 Recombinant DNA Technology 242 Recombinant DNA Tools and Gene Cloning 242 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: Gel Electrophoresis 243 Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology 244 What a Microbiologist Sees: Manipulating the Bacterial Genome for Agricultural Benefits 246 Ethical and Safety Concerns 247 10.6 Genomics 248 DNA Sequencing 248 Genomic Analysis 248 Applications of Genomics 250 Clinical Application: Screening for Genetic Diseases-BRCA1 Mutation 251 11 Microbial Growth and Control 257 11.1 Requirements for Microbial Growth 258 Energy Sources 258 Physical Requirements 258 Case Study: Foodborne Illness from Home-Prepared Fermented Tofu 259 Chemical Requirements 261 11.2 Bacterial Reproduction and Growth 262 Cell Division 263 Growth Rate of Bacteria 263 Phases of Growth 264 Methods of Quantifying Bacterial Growth 265 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: Dilution Plating 267 11.3 Laboratory Growth of Microorganisms 268 Obtaining a Pure Culture 268 Growth Media 269 Bacteria That Cannot Be Cultured 272 What a Microbiologist Sees: Biofilm Formation on Teeth 272 11.4 Microbial Cultures in Clinical Practice 273 Specimen Collection 273 Specimen Analysis 275 11.5 Controlling Microbial Growth 277 Physical Methods 277 Radiation 278 Chemical Methods 279 Clinical Application: Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers in Health Care Settings 281 12 Antimicrobial Agents 287 12.1 Principles of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 288 The Discovery and Development of Antimicrobial Agents 288 Choosing the Best Antimicrobial Agent 289 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: The Broth Dilution Test 292 12.2 Antibacterial Agents 293 Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis 293 Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis 296 Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis 299 Agents That Target the Bacterial Plasma Membrane 300 Clinical Application: The Fight Against Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis 300 Antimycobacterial Agents 301 12.3 Antiviral Agents 303 Inhibitors of HIV 304 Inhibitors of Hepatitis B and C Viruses 306 Inhibitors of Influenza A and B Viruses 307 Inhibitors of Herpes Viruses 307 12.4 Antifungal and Antiparasitic Agents 308 Antifungal Agents 308 Antiparasitic Agents 310 Case Study: Problems with Malaria Medication in Mozambique 312 12.5 Antimicrobial Drug Resistance 313 Principles of Drug Resistance 314 Mechanisms of Drug Resistance 314 Human Factors Contributing to Antimicrobial Resistance 316 What a Microbiologist Sees: Livestock-Associated Drug-Resistant S. aureus 316 13 Innate Immunity 323 13.1 An Introduction to Immunity 324 The Benefits and Consequences of the Immune Response 324 Innate Versus Adaptive Immunity 324 The Basic Anatomy of the Immune System 326 13.2 First-Line Defense Mechanisms 330 Physical Defenses 330 Chemical Defenses 331 What a Microbiologist Sees: The Benefits of Fever 331 Case Study: No Spicy Food for Me! 332 13.3 Innate Cellular Defense Mechanisms 334 Hematopoiesis 334 Leukocytes 335 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: The Differential Count 337 Phagocytosis 338 Inflammation 338 13.4 Protein-Mediated Defense Mechanisms 341 The Complement Pathways 341 Interferons 343 Other Protein-Mediated Defense Mechanisms 343 14 Adaptive Immunity 351 14.1 Introduction to Adaptive Immunity 352 Hallmarks of Adaptive Immunity 352 Antigens and Immunogenicity 352 Lymphocyte Maturation and Clonal Selection 354 Clinical Application: Conjugate Vaccines 354 The Major Histocompatibility Complex 357 What a Microbiologist Sees: Transplant Rejection 357 14.2 Cell-Mediated Responses 358 T-Cell Categories 358 Antigen Processing and Presentation 359 The T-Cell Receptor Complex and Associative Recognition 362 14.3 T-Cell Activation 363 Early Stages of T-Cell Activation 363 Completion of T-Cell Activation 363 Case Study: The Mantoux Test 364 14.4 Antibody-Mediated Responses 365 Basic Antibody Structure 365 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: The Coagulase Agglutination Assay 366 Immunoglobulin Classes and Their Specific Functions 367 14.5 B-Cell Activation 368 B-Cell Receptors and Pathogen Binding 368 Antibody Production and Clonal Expansion 368 B-Cell Effector Mechanisms 372 15 Vaccination, Immunoassays, and Immune Disorders 378 15.1 Vaccines and Vaccination 379 A Brief History of Vaccination 379 Modern Vaccines 379 Case Study: Prioritizing Immunizations 381 Vaccines and Public Health 383 Vaccine Safety and Misconceptions 386 15.2 Immunoassays 388 Monoclonal Antibodies 388 Types of Immunoassays 390 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: Human Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma 390 153 Hypersensitivities 394 Type I Hypersensitivity 395 Type II Hypersensitivity 396 Type III Hypersensitivity 397 What a Microbiologist Sees: Fetal Rh Incompatibility 397 Type IV Hypersensitivity 398 15.4 Autoimmune Diseases and Immunodeficiencies 399 Autoimmune Diseases 399 Immunodeficiencies 400 Clinical Application: Bone Marrow Transplants for Immunodeficient Patients 402 16 Microbial Pathogenesis 408 16.1 Transmission of Microbes 409 Microbial Reservoirs 409 Modes of Transmission 410 Case Study: The Cholera Epidemic in Goma, Zaire 411 Horizontal and Vertical Transmission 412 16.2 Entering and Adhering to the Host 413 Portals of Entry and Exit 413 Adhering to Host Cells 413 16.3 Overcoming Host Defenses 415 Evading Immune Attack 416 Altering Pathogen Antigens 417 Damaging the Host Immune System 418 16.4 Damaging Host Tissues 420 Direct Damage 420 Enzymes 421 Endotoxins 421 Exotoxins 423 Clinical Application: Toxoid-Based Vaccines 424 Immunopathy 426 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: Analysis of Hemolysis on Blood Agar 426 16.5 Factors Influencing Disease Outcomes 427 Host Factors 428 What a Microbiologist Sees: Stress and Infection 428 Microbial Factors 429 17 Epidemiology and Infection Control 434 17.1 Epidemiology and Public Health 435 Early Epidemiological Successes 435 Significant Accomplishments of Epidemiology 435 17.2 Epidemiological Surveillance 437 What a Microbiologist Sees: Antibiotic-Impregnated Bone Cement 438 Prevalence, Incidence Rates, and Mortality Rates 438 Epidemic Curves 439 Disease Surveillance 439 17.3 Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials 441 Case-Control and Cohort Studies 442 Clinical Trials 442 Case Study: A Foodborne Outbreak among Inmates at a County Jail 443 17.4 Health Care-Associated Infections 445 Common Health Care-Associated Infections 445 Surgical Site Infections 445 Clinical Application: Reducing the Risk of Bloodstream Infections 446 CAUTIs 446 PICC Line Infections 447 CLABSIs 450 17.5 Preventing Pathogen Spread in Health Care Settings 450 Hand Hygiene 450 Universal and Standard Precautions and PPE 450 Screening 452 Isolation Procedures 453 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: MRSA Screening Procedures in the Clinical Laboratory 454 18 Diseases of the Respiratory System 460 18.1 The Conflicts 461 Host Defenses 461 Microbial Pathogenic Strategies 461 Normal Microbiota 462 18.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Respiratory System 463 Diphtheria 463 Pertussis 464 Case Study: Whooping Cough Outbreak 465 Tuberculosis 466 18.3 Viral Diseases of the Respiratory System 468 The Common Cold 468 Influenza 470 What a Microbiologist Sees: Unpredictable Behavior 473 18.4 Diseases of the Respiratory System Caused by Multiple Pathogens 474 Sinusitis and Otitis Media 474 Pharyngitis 475 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: Diagnosis of Strep Throat 478 Laryngitis, Croup, Tracheitis, and Epiglottitis 479 Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis 479 18.5 Pneumonia 480 General Characteristics of Pneumonia 480 Clinical Application: Sputum Samples 481 Epidemiology of Pneumonia 481 Causes of Pneumonia 482 Emerging Pathogens 484 19 Diseases of the Skin and Eyes 491 19.1 The Conflicts 492 Host Defenses 492 Microbial Pathogenic Strategies 492 Normal Microbiota 493 19.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Skin 495 Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Skin Diseases 495 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: Mannitol Salt Agar-A Versatile Selective/Differential Medium 498 Pseudomonal Skin Diseases 499 Miscellaneous Bacterial Skin Diseases 499 19.3 Viral Diseases of the Skin 501 Pediatric Viral Rashes 501 Clinical Application: An App to Improve Hand Hygiene 502 Shingles 504 Warts 506 Smallpox 506 19.4 Skin Diseases Caused by Eukaryotic Pathogens 508 Fungal Skin Diseases 508 What a Microbiologist Sees: Oral Thrush and Immune System Status 509 Protozoan Skin Diseases 509 Helminthic Skin Diseases 510 Arthropod Skin Diseases 510 Case Study: Kindergarten Contact 512 19.5 Diseases of the Eye 513 Host Defenses and Microbial Pathogenic Strategies 514 Conjunctivitis 514 Other Eye Diseases 516 20 Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System 524 20.1 The Conflicts 525 Host Defenses 525 Microbial Pathogenic Strategies 525 Normal Microbiota 525 20.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Mouth and Upper GI Tract 527 Dental Caries 527 Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease 528 What a Microbiologist Sees: Oral Hygiene for Patients with Ventilators 529 Clinical Application: Periodontitis and Alzheimer's Disease 529 Peptic Ulcer Disease 530 Staphylococcus aureus Food Intoxication 530 20.3 Bacterial Diseases of the Lower GI Tract 531 Diseases Caused by Salmonella 532 Diarrheagenic E. coli Infections 532 Campylobacteriosis 532 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: Preparing and Analyzing a Fecal Culture 533 Shigellosis 534 Cholera 535 Opportunistic Infections 535 20.4 Viral Diseases of the GI System 538 Cold Sores 538 Mumps 538 Viral Gastroenteritis 539 Hepatitis A 539 Case Study: A Norovirus Outbreak Among Nurses 540 20.5 Protozoan Diseases of the GI System 541 Giardiasis 541 Amoebic Dysentery 542 Cryptosporidiosis 542 20.6 Helminthic Diseases of the GI System 543 Trematode Infections 543 Cestode Infections 544 Nematode Infections 545 21 Diseases of the Urogenital System 554 21.1 The Conflicts 555 Host Defenses 555 Microbial Pathogenic Strategies 555 Normal Microbiota 555 21.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System 558 Cystitis 558 Pyelonephritis 559 What a Microbiologist Sees: Cranberry Juice for UTI Prevention 560 Leptospirosis 561 Case Study: Pyelonephritis in a Toddler 561 21.3 Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive Systems 563 Prostatitis 563 Chlamydia 563 Gonorrhea 565 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: The Challenge of Culturing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 566 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease 566 Syphilis 568 21.4 Viral Diseases of the Reproductive Systems 570 Genital Warts 570 Clinical Application: Winning the War on Cervical Cancer 571 Genital Herpes 572 Molluscum Contagiosum 573 21.5 HIV Infection and AIDS 574 HIV Origins and Characteristics 574 HIV Replication and Pathogenicity 576 HIV Testing, Treatment, and Outcomes 577 21.6 Fungal and Protozoan Diseases of the Reproductive Systems 579 Vaginal Yeast Infections 579 Trichomoniasis 581 22 Diseases of the Nervous System 587 22.1 The Conflicts 588 Host Defenses 588 Microbial Pathogenic Strategies 588 22.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System 590 Bacterial Meningitis 590 Tetanus 593 Botulism 593 Case Study: The High Cost of Forgoing Tetanus Vaccination 594 Clinical Application: Clinical Use of Botulism Toxin 595 Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) 597 22.3 Viral Diseases of the Nervous System 597 Viral Meningitis 597 Encephalitis 598 Polio 599 What a Microbiologist Sees: Polio Eradication 600 Rabies 601 Other Viral Diseases of the Nervous System 603 22.4 Fungal and Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System 604 Fungal Meningitis 604 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: India Ink Staining of CSF for Cryptococcus 604 Toxoplasmosis 605 22.5 Prion Diseases of the Nervous System 606 Animal Spongiform Encephalopathies 606 Human Prion Diseases 606 23 Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 613 23.1 The Conflicts 614 Host Defenses 614 Microbial Pathogenic Strategies 614 23.2 Sepsis and Cardiac Diseases 616 Sepsis 616 Cardiac Diseases 619 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: The Blood Culture 620 23.3 Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 621 Brucellosis 622 Anthrax 623 Lyme Disease 625 Plague 627 Other Bacterial Diseases 628 23.4 Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 630 Leukocyte-Associated Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Diseases 630 What a Microbiologist Sees: The Diagnosis of Mononucleosis 631 Viral Hemorrhagic Diseases 631 Hepatitis 633 Clinical Application: HIV Status and the Spread of Hepatitis 634 23.5 Fungal, Protozoan, and Helminthic Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 635 Systemic Candida auris Infection 635 Systemic Protozoan Diseases 636 Case Study: The Kissing Bug 637 Systemic Helminthic Diseases 639 24 Environmental and Industrial Microbiology 646 24.1 Microbial Ecology 647 The Ecological Hierarchy 647 Microbes in Earth's Ecosystems 647 Biofilms 651 Clinical Application: A Potential New Therapy for Medical Biofilm Elimination 652 24.2 Biogeochemical Cycles 653 The Nitrogen Cycle 653 The Carbon Cycle 654 The Phosphorus Cycle 656 The Sulfur Cycle 657 What a Microbiologist Sees: Habitat for Acidophiles 658 24.3 Bioremediation 659 Principles of Bioremediation 659 Sewage Treatment 660 Water Treatment 661 24.4 Microorganisms Used in Manufacturing 662 Products of Biotechnology 662 Food Production 662 Case Study: Bacon Beer 665 24.5 Safe Product Processing and Packaging 666 Food Safety Regulation 666 Chemical and Physical Controls in Food Production 667 Canning 668 Microbial Control in Health Care Settings 669 The Microbiologist's Toolbox: The Autoclave 669 Appendix A Answers to Self-Tests A-1 Appendix B Physiological Reference Ranges B-5 Glossary G-1 Index I-1

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