Overview

The convergence of artificial intelligence and healthcare stands as one of the most profound technological shifts of the twenty-first century. While earlier waves of AI in medicine focused primarily on narrow, task-specific applications-such as image recognition in radiology or rule-based clinical alerts-the emergence of agentic AI marks a fundamental departure. Agentic AI refers to systems capable not merely of responding to queries or executing predefined instructions, but of autonomously setting goals, reasoning through complex multistep problems, interacting with diverse tools and environments, adapting to new information, and taking independent actions to achieve desired outcomes. These autonomous agents represent a leap from reactive tools to proactive, goal-directed partners in the healthcare ecosystem. This book explores how agentic AI is poised to reshape every facet of healthcare delivery, from diagnosis and treatment planning to drug discovery, administrative processes, and long-term patient management. Unlike traditional AI models that require constant human oversight and operate within tightly constrained boundaries, agentic systems can perceive the current state of a patient or clinical workflow, formulate plans, execute sequences of actions, reflect on results, and iteratively improve performance. This capacity for independent agency opens unprecedented possibilities for precision, efficiency, and equity in medicine at a time when healthcare systems worldwide face mounting pressures. The Growing Crisis in Global Healthcare To appreciate the transformative potential of agentic AI, one must first grasp the scale of the challenges confronting modern healthcare. Costs continue to escalate at rates far exceeding general inflation. In the United States, national health expenditure reached approximately 18 percent of gross domestic product in recent years, with projections suggesting further growth unless systemic changes occur. Similar patterns appear across developed nations, while many low- and middle-income countries struggle to provide even basic services to expanding populations.

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