Overview

This manual is intended to serve as a reference for design engineers, construction inspectors, resident engineers, inspection divers and other administrative and technical staff whose work tasks include the repair or rehabilitation of elements of bridges or similar structures located below water. The manual addresses a variety of design and construction issues that must be considered in determining the feasibility of, and selecting the repair or rehabilitation methodology, for underwater projects. This information can aid in developing cost effective and durable repair and rehabilitation designs. CHAPTER I - UNDERWATER REPAIR AND REHABILITATION OF BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES * CHAPTER II - MAINTENANCE * CHAPTER III - UNDERWATER REPAIR PLANNING DATA AND REPAIR OPTION ANALYSIS. * CHAPTER IV - MARINE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS * CHAPTER V - UNDERWATER REPAIRS * CHAPTER VI - EQUIPMENT FOR UNDERWATER REPAIR * CHAPTER VII - PIER REPAIRS * CHAPTER VIII - PILE and SHEET PILE REPAIRS * CHAPTER IX - CATHODIC PROTECTION FOR SUBSTRUCTURES * CHAPTER X - CONTRACTING AND CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION. CHAPTER 1 UNDERWATER REPAIR AND REHABILITATION OF BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES * SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION * 1-1.1 Purpose * 1-1.2 Background * 1- 1.3 Scope * CHAPTER II MAINTENANCE * SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION * 2- 1.1 Marine Environment Factors * 2-1.2 Deterioration Models * 2-1.3 Preventive Maintenance Activities * 2- 1.4 Performance Monitoring * CHAPTER III UNDERWATER REPAIR PLANNING DATA AND REPAIR OPTION ANALYSIS. * SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION * SECTION 2. CONDITION ASSESSMENT * 3- 2.1 General * 3-2.2 Steel * 3-2.3 Timber * 3-2.4 Masonry * 3-2.5 Scour * 3-2.6 Concrete * SECTION 3. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS * 3-3.1 Introduction * 3-3.2 Piles * 3-3.3 Undermining * 3-3.4 Concrete * SECTION 4. REPAIR STRATEGY * CHAPTER IV MARINE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS * SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION * SECTION 2. STEEL * 4-2.1 General * SECTION 3. CONCRETE * 4-3.1 Mix Design * 4-3.2 Reinforcing * SECTION 4. MASONRY * 4-4.1 Stone * 4-4.2 Mortar * SECTION 5. TIMBER * 4-5.1 Preservatives * 4-5.2 Decay Reinforced Species * 4-5.3 Fabrication * SECTION 6. COMPOSITES * 4-6.1 Components * 4-6.2 Physical Properties * 4-6.3 Mechanical Properties * 4- 6.4 Example Products * CHAPTER V UNDERWATER REPAIRS * SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION * SECTION 2. GENERAL CONSTRUCTION OPTIONS * 5- 2.1 Repairs Performed In-the-Dry * 5-2.2 Repairs Performed In-the-Wet * SECTION 3. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS * 5-3.1 Site Conditions * 5-3.2 Water Conditions * 5-3.3 Regulatory * SECTION 4. METHODS TO OBTAIN DRY WORK CONDITIONS * 5-4.1 Traditional Cofferdams * 5-4.2 Dikes * 5-4.3 Proprietary Barrier Systems * 5- 4.4 Limpet Cofferdams * CHAPTER VI EQUIPMENT FOR UNDERWATER REPAIR * SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION * SECTION 2. DIVING SYSTEMS * 6- 2.1 Scuba * 6-2.2 Surface Supplied Diving * SECTION 3. REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLES (ROV) * SECTION 4. ABOVE WATER SUPPORT * SECTION 5. UNDERWATER TOOLS * SECTION 6. EXCAVATION METHODS * 6-6.1 Hydraulic Excavators * 6-6.2 Airlifts * 6-6.3 Jetting * 6-6.4 Dredging * SECTION 7. SPECIAL EQUIPMENT * SECTION 8. UNDERWATER WELDING * 6-8.1 Introduction * 6-8.2 Methods * 6-8.3 Welding and Diving Standards and Specifications * 6-8.4 Effects of Wet Welding Versus Dry Welding * 6-8.5 Weld Design * 6-8.6 Weld Qualification * 6- 8.7 Underwater Burning * CHAPTER VII PIER REPAIRS. * SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION * SECTION 2. FORMING SYSTEMS * 7- 2.1 Rigid Formwork * 7-2.2 Flexible Formwork * 7-2.3 Concrete Preparation * SECTION 3. REINFORCING * 7-3.1 Design Considerations * 7-3.2 Surface Preparation * 7-3.3 Anchorage * SECTION 4. CONCRETE PLACEMENT METHODS * 7-4.1 Hand Patching * 7-4.2 Tremie Placement * 7-4.3 Pump Placement * 7-4.4 Preplaced Aggregate Concrete * 7-4.5 Bottom Dump * 7-4.6 Bagged Concrete * SECTION 5. CRACK REPAIR * 7-5.1 Routing and Sealing * 7-5.2 Epoxy Injection * SECTION 6. MASONRY REPAIR * SECTION 7. UNDERMINING AND LOCAL SCOUR REPAIRS * 7-7.1 Undermining Repairs

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