Overview

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally, responsible for 17.3 million deaths annually, with hypertension as a primary risk factor for nearly half of all CVD-related morbidity and mortality. Hypertension is defined as having a systolic blood pressure (SBP) >= 140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >= 90 mmHg, measured on two separate days. Hypertension is one of the avoidable risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality. Modifiable risk factors for hypertension include excessive sodium intake, low potassium intake, alcohol consumption, obesity, physical inactivity, and an unhealthy diet. Hypertension prevalence has shifted from high-income to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Hypertension can be prevented and controlled through lifestyle modifications (weight reduction, the adoption of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) eating plans, sodium reduction, exercise, moderate alcohol intake, and smoking cessation), pharmacological treatments, and adherence to antihypertensive medications. Failure to adhere to lifestyle modifications and pharmacologic therapy, results in uncontrolled HTN.

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