Overview

This book aims to present updated knowledge on various aspects of the natural history, biology, and impact of triatomines to all interested readers. Each chapter will be written by authorities in the respective field, covering topics such as behavior, neurophysiology, immunology, ecology, and evolution. The contents will consider scientific, as well as innovative perspectives, on the problems related to the role of triatomine bugs as parasite vectors affecting millions in the Latin American region.

Full Product Details

Author:   Alessandra Guarneri ,  Marcelo Lorenzo
Publisher:   Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Imprint:   Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Edition:   1st ed. 2021
Volume:   5
Weight:   0.985kg
ISBN:  

9783030645502

ISBN 10:   3030645509
Pages:   620
Publication Date:   08 July 2022
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Manufactured on demand  
We will order this item for you from a manufactured on demand supplier.

Table of Contents

Contents   1 Origin and evolution of Triatominae 1.1 Background 1.2 Searching for the closest predatory relative of Triatominae 1.3 Evolutionary relationships within Triatominae 1.4 Relationships within Rhodniini 1.5 Relationships within Triatomini 1.6 Implications for the evolution of Triatominae References   2 Taxonomy 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Historical background 2.3 Taxonomy of the Triatominae, from De Geer to the DNA 2.3.1 The beginning 2.3.2 Contributions to a taxonomy non-strictly morphologic 2.4 Classification 2.4.1 Hemiptera-Heteroptera (truebugs) 2.4.2 Reduviidae Latreille, 1807 (assassin bugs) 2.4.3 Triatominae Jeannel, 1919 (kissing bugs; cone-nose bugs) 2.4.4 Tribes and genera 2.4.4.1 Triatomini Jeannel, 1919 (the most speciose tribe) 2.4.4.2 Rhodniini Pinto, 1926 (genera well characterized, species cryptics) 2.4.4.3 Bolboderini Usinger, 1944 (small genera) 2.4.4.4 Cavernicolini Usinger, 1944 (small triatomines, cave specialized) 2.4.4.5 Alberproseniini Martínez and Carcavallo, 1977 (the smallest triatomine) 2.5 Conclusions References   3 Speciation Processes in Triatominae 3.1 Towards a unified species concept 3.2 Insect diversity and speciation 3.3 Overconservative systematics and the paraphyly of Triatoma 3.4 Phenotypic plasticity and classical taxonomy 3.5 Tempo and mode of triatomine speciation 3.5.1 Fast or slow diversification? 3.5.1.1 Triatoma rubrofasciata and Old World Triatominae 3.5.1.2 The origin of Rhodnius prolixus 3.5.2 Vicariance and allopatric triatomine speciation 3.5.2.1 Rhodnius robustus and the Refugium theory 3.5.2.2 Triatoma rubida and the Baja California peninsula 3.5.2.3 Triatoma dimidiata and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec 3.5.3 Parapatric/sympatric triatomine speciation 3.5.3.1 Triatoma brasiliensis complex and the homoploid hybridization hypothesis 3.5.3.2 The Rhodnius pallescens – R. colombiensis: a case of sympatric speciation? 3.6 Towards an integrative and evolutionarily sound taxonomy References   4 Chromosome structure and evolution of Triatominae: A review 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Chromosome numbers in Triatominae 4.3 Sex chromosome systems 4.4 B chromosomes 4.5 Genome size in triatomines 4.6 Cytogenetic studies of hybrids 4.7 Longitudinal differentiation of triatomine chromosomes 4.7.1 C-banding 4.7.2 Fluorochrome banding 4. 7.3 Chromosomal location of ribosomal genes by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) 4.7.4 Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and DNA probes 4.7.5 Y chromosome in Triatominae 4.7.6. X chromosome in Triatominae 4.8. Perspectives and Challenges References   5 Embryonic development of the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus 5.1 General observations of insect development 5.2 Oogenesis and embryogenesis in model species and their relevance to R. prolixus embryology 5.3 Historical role of R. prolixus embryonic development studies 5.4 Recent advances in the studies of R. prolixus embryonic development 5.5 Future directions of R. prolixus embryogenesis research References   6 Anatomy of the nervous system of triatomines 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The nervous system of triatomines 6.2.1 General morphology 6.2.2 The Brain 6.2.2.1 Protocerebrum 6.2.2.2 Deutocerebrum 6.2.2.3 Tritocerebrum 6.2.3 The ventral nerve cord 6.3 Conclusions and Perspectives References   7 Biogenic monoamines in the control of triatomine physiology with emphasis on Rhodnius prolixus 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 7.2.1 Biosynthetic pathway and removal 7.2.2 Distribution 7.2.3 Receptors 7.2.4 Physiological relevance of serotonin in R. prolixus 7.2.4.1 Serotonin as a neurohormone 7.2.4.2 Coordination of feeding 7.2.4.3 Salivary secretions 7.3. Octopamine (OA) 7.3.1 Biosynthetic pathway and removal 7.3.2 Distribution 7.3.3 Receptors 7.3.4 Physiological relevance of OA in R. prolixus 7.4 Tyramine (TA) 7.4.1 Biosynthetic pathway and removal 7.4.2 Distribution 7.4.3 Receptors 7.4.4 Physiological Relevance of TA in R. prolixus 7.5 Dopamine (DA) 7.5.1 Biosynthetic pathway and removal 7.5.2 Receptors 7.5.3 Distribution 7.5.4 Physiological relevance of DA in R. prolixus 7.5.4.1 Reproductive physiology 7.5.4.2 Feeding-related activities 7.5.4.3 Cuticle 7.6 Histamine (HA) 7.6.1 Biosynthetic pathway and removal 7.6.2 Distribution 7.6.3 Receptors 7.6.4 Physiological relevance of HA in R. prolixus 7.6.4.1 Salivary secretions 7.7 Concluding remarks   8 Structure and physiology of the neuropeptidergic system of triatomines 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Structure of the neuroendocrine system in triatomines 8.3 Functional studies on the neuropeptide systems of triatomines 8.4 Concluding remarks References   9 Sensory biology of triatomines 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The visual system 9.2.1 The compound eyes 9.2.2 The ocelli 9.2.3 Sensory aspects of vision 9.3 The olfactory sense 9.3.1 The antennae 9.3.2 Sensory features of olfaction 9.4 The taste sense 9.4.1 Sensory aspects of taste 9.5 The thermal sense 9.5.1 Sensory aspects of thermoreception 9.6 Mechanoreception 9.6.1 Sensory aspects of mechanoreception 9.7 Concluding remarks References   10 The behaviour of kissing-bugs 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Host search and feeding behaviour 10.3 Sexual behaviour 10.4 Aggregation and alarm 10.5 Learning and memory 10.6 Triatomine chronobiology 10.7 Behavioural manipulation 10.8 Perspectives and research needs References     11 Features of interaction between triatomines and vertebrates based on bug feeding parameters 11.1 Initial considerations 11.2 General view of hematophagy 11.3 Triatomine blood feeding characteristics 11.4 Birds vs mammal hosts 11.5 Saliva and salivation during blood feeding 11.6 Triatomine-host interface 11.6.1 Triatomine-host endothelium 11.6.2 Triatomine-host blood 11.7 Final comments References   12 Blood Digestion in Triatomine Insects 12.1 Triatomine evolution – you are what you eat but also what your ancestors used to eat 12.2 Triatomine midgut morphology: unique compartments 12.3 Digestive enzymes and metabolite handling 12.4 Proteins and molecules without enzymatic activity 12.5 Heme, iron, and redox metabolism in the triatomine gut 12.6 Triatomine midgut immunity and physiology in a microbial world: simplicity turns into a complex scenario 12.7 Final remarks References   13 The physiology of sperm transfer and egg production in vectors of Chagas disease with particular reference to Rhodnius prolixus. 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Sperm Transfer 13.2.1 Copulation 13.2.2 Mechanisms facilitating copulation 13.2.3 Sperm delivered to the spermathecae 13.2.4 The Aedeagus 13.2.5 Sperm delivery to the vagina 13.3 Egg production associated with feeding 13.3.1 Characteristics of the blood meal 13.3.2 Endocrine control of egg production 13.3.3 Initiation by the blood meal 13.3.4 Functional anatomy of the retrocerebral complex 13.4 Conclusion References     14 The Immune System of Triatomines 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Physical Barriers, Cuticle Structure, and Wound Repair 14.2.1 Cuticle 14.2.2 Intestinal Epithelium and Perimicrovillar 14.2.3 Membrane(PMM) 14.2.4 Wound Repair 14.3 Humoral Immunity 14.3.1 Recognition and Signal Transduction 14.3.2 Humoral Effector Molecules 14.3.3 Lectins 14.3.4 Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species 14.4 Cellular Immunity 14.4.1 Hemocytes 14.4.2 Phagocytosis, Nodulation, Encapsulation and Melanization 14.4.3 Regulation of Cellular Responses 14.5 Triatomines and Microbiota 14.6 Triatomines and Trypanosomes 14.7 Conclusions References   15 Interaction of triatomines with their bacterial microbiota and trypanosomes 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The microbiota of triatomines 15.3 Interactions of triatomines with T. cruzi 15.3.1 The parasite 15.3.2 Development of T. cruzi in the vector – effects of the vector on T. cruzi 15.3.2.1 Development of T. cruzi in the anterior midgut 15.3.2.2 Development of T. cruzi in the posterior midgut 15.3.2.3 Development of T. cruzi in the rectum 15.3.3 Effects of T. cruzi on triatomines 15.3.3.1 Effects of T. cruzi on the development of triatomines 15.3.3.2 Effects on behavior 15.3.3.3 Effects on immunity 15.3.3.4 Interaction of T. cruzi and the microbiota of triatomines 15.4 Interactions of triatomines with T. rangeli 15.4.1 The parasite 15.4.2 Development of T. rangeli in the vector and effects of the vector on T. rangeli 15.4.2.1 Development of T. rangeli in the midgut 15.4.2.2 Development in the hemolymph 15.4.2.3 Development in the salivary glands 15.4.3 Effects of T. rangeli on triatomines 15.4.3.1 Effects of T. rangeli on the development of triatomines 15.4.3.2 Effects of T. rangeli on the behavior of triatomines 15.4.3.3 Effects of T. rangeli on triatomine immunity 15.4.3.4 Interaction of T. rangeli and the microbiota of triatomines 15.5 Conclusions and open questions References   16 The ecology and natural history of wild Triatominae in the Americas 16.1. Introduction 16.1.1. The Triatominae 16.1.2. Foraging lifestyles in the Triatominae: ‘sit-and-wait’ nest specialists vs. ‘stalker’ host generalists 16.2. ‘Sit-and-wait’ nest specialists 16.2.1. Underground nests 16.2.1.1. Armadillo burrows 16.2.2. Ground nests 16.2.2.1. Woodrat nests 16.2.2.2. Other mammal ground nests 16.2.3. Arboreal nests 16.2.3.1. Arboreal bird nests 16.2.3.2. Arboreal mammal nests 16.2.4. Bat roosts 16.3. ‘Stalker’ host generalists 16.3.1. Terrestrial microhabitats 16.3.1.1. Caves 16.3.1.2. Rocks and stones 16.3.1.3. Terrestrial plant microhabitats 16.3.2. Arboreal microhabitats 16.3.2.1. Trees 16.3.2.3. Epiphytes 16.4. Closing remarks References   17 Eco-epidemiology of vector-borne transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in domestic habitats 17.1 Background 17.2 Biological and Ecological Factors Related to the Vector 17.2.1 Species and Epidemiologic Relevance 17.2.2 Domesticity and Vector Abundance 17.2.3 Habitat Use and Quality 17.2.4 Host Availability and Accessibility 17.2.5 Blood-feeding Performance 17.2.6 Environmental Variables 17.2.7 Population Dynamics and Vital Rates 17.3 Biological and Ecological Factors Related to Parasite Transmission 17.3.1 Parasite Diversity 17.3.2 Domestic Reservoir Hosts 17.3.3 Human Infection 17.3.4 Host Infectiousness 17.3.5 Vector Competence 17.3.6 Transmission Dynamics 17.4 Social Determinants of Domestic Transmission 17.4.1 Socio-economic Factors 17.4.2 Ethnicity 17.4.3 Human Migration and Mobility 17.4.4 Interactions Between Social and Ecological Factors 17.5 Scaling up from Household- to Population-level Transmission References   18 Chagas Disease Vector Control 18.1 Background 18.2 Species and Epidemiological Relevance 18.3 Vector Detection Methods 18.4 Historical Overview of Triatomine Control 18.5 Vector Control Methods 18.5.1 Chemical Vector Control 18.5.1.1 Residual House Spraying 18.5.1.2 Insecticidal Paints and Fumigant Canisters 18.5.1.3 Xenointoxication and Insecticide-impregnated Materials 18.5.2 Housing Improvement 18.5.3 Biological and Genetic Control 18.6 Current Challenges and Opportunities References   19 Insecticide resistance in triatomines 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Populations resistant to insecticides 19.3 Resistance profiles 19.4 Resistance Mechanisms 19.5 Inheritance and genetic basis of insecticide resistance 19.6 Pleiotropic effects of the insecticide resistance 19.7 Environmental factors associated with insecticide resistance 19.8 Management of insecticide resistance References   20 Perspectives in triatomine biology studies: “Omics”- based approaches 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Omics applications: Consideration of technologies, analysis pipelines, and outcomes for entomological projects 20.2.1 Genome projects 20.2.2 Transcriptomic studies based on RNA-Seq 20.2.3 Metagenomic analyses 20.2.4 Metabolomic studies 20.3. Metagenomics and metabolomic studies associated with triatomines 20.4. The Rhodnius prolixus genome project and its impact 20.5. Transcriptomic studies in Triatomines 20.6. Perspectives 20.6.1 Comparative genomics 20.6.2 Hybridization and introgression events 20.6.3 Population dynamics and vector control 20.6.4 Insecticide resistance in laboratory colonies 20.6.5 Molecular basis of triatomine behavior  20.6.6 Exploitation of sequencing technologies for new insights into biological adaptations 20.6.7 Triatomine-trypanosome interaction  20.6.8 Ecdysis in hemimetabolous insects References

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Author Information

Alessandra Guarneri, Ph.D., is a biologist and specialist in Medical Entomology. She is a researcher in the Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Her research team is devoted to the study the behavior of triatomines and the interaction between these bugs and their natural parasites. Her work includes studies about parasite development and virulence, behavioral alterations in infected insects, as well as the molecular bases of the trypanosome-triatomine interaction.     Marcelo G Lorenzo, Ph.D., is a biologist devoted to the study of insect physiology with an emphasis on behavioral physiology. He is a senior researcher in the Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. There, his group investigates the behavior, pheromones, kairomones,  sensory physiology, and functional genomics of triatomines and culicids. The group also focuses on the development of baits and traps for vector control. His work takes advantage of techniques from neurobiology, analytical chemistry, molecular biology, genomics, and behavior. 

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