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Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Although atoms of scandium and yttrium have a single d electron in the outermost shell, these elements are not usually considered transition metals as all their compounds contain the ions Sc3+ and Y3+ in which there are no d electrons. Lanthanum is usually considered a lanthanoid element and actinium an actinoid element.The electronic structure of transition metal atoms can be written, with a few minor exceptions, as ns2(n-1)dm, as the inner d orbital has more energy than the valence-shell s orbital. In divalent and trivalent ions of the transition metals the situation is reversed so that the s electrons have higher energy. Consequently an ion such as Fe2+ has no s electrons, it has the electronic configuration [Ar]3d6 as compared with the configuration of the atom, [Ar]4s23d6. Zinc, cadmium, and mercury are not transition metals as they have the electronic configuration d10s2, with no incomplete d shell.

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