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Tom the Atom, Book 3: Bonds make a world fond.GOAL: To introduce the concept of Covalent Bonds.Henry, Mary, and Tom-the-Atom hold hands and say the magic words that make them very small and allow them to visit the world of the atoms. The shell closest to the nucleus can accommodate up to two electrons. The next shell can accommodate eight electrons, and the one after that can have eighteen electrons. However, we can say that, in general, if the atom is tiny (Hydrogen and Helium), they will have only one shell, and it can accommodate up to two electrons (one for Hydrogen and two for Helium). If the atom is larger, the shells are subdivided into subshells, and the outermost subshell can accommodate up to eight valence electrons. Tom-the-Atom calls the valence electrons in the outer shell hands. If the outer shell is not full, that shell will have empty spaces waiting to be filled by other atom's electrons. Tom-the-Atom calls those empty spaces empty sleeves. One hand and one empty sleeve shared with another atom makes a bond. Tom-the-Atom introduces to Henry and Mary the concept of Covalent Bond between atoms. A covalent bond is defined as a double handshake between two atoms' outermost shells (orbital). Tom-the-Atom (Carbon), for example, has four hands (or valence electrons) and four empty sleeves (or missing electrons in his outermost shell, to a total of eight. One Covalent Bond is formed when two atoms share one hand and one empty sleeve simultaneously to produce a firm handshake between two atoms-each atom hand slides into an empty sleeve. We represent this single bond between atoms X and Y by X-Y. Tom-the-Atom can also form four single covalent bonds with four different atoms, in that case, the total number of handshakes involving Tom-the-Atom is four.

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