Overview

Many Quakers who reached maturity towards the end of the nineteenth century found that their parents’ religion had lost its connection with reality. New discoveries in science and biblical research called for new approaches to Christian faith. Evangelical beliefs dominant among nineteenth-century Quakers were now found wanting, especially those emphasising the supreme authority of the Bible and doctrines of atonement, whereby the wrath of God is appeased through the blood of Christ. Liberal Quakers sought a renewed sense of reality in their faith through recovering the vision of the first Quakers with their sense of the Light of God within each person. They also borrowed from mainstream liberal theology new attitudes to God, nature and service to society. The ensuing Quaker Renaissance found its voice at the Manchester Conference of 1895, and the educational initiatives which followed gave to British Quakerism an active faith fit for the testing reality of the twentieth century.

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"Joanna Dales, Ph.D. (1970), University of Cambridge, and 2016, University of Birmingham, has published various papers in Quaker studies, including ""John William Graham and the Evolution of Peace: a Quaker View of Conflict before and during the First World War"", Quaker Studies (2016) and ""'Creative Worship': Howard Brinton, John William Graham and the Quaker Meeting for Worship: A Comparison"", Quaker Studies (2019)."

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