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Purchase of this book includes free trial access to www.million-books.com where you can read more than a million books for free. This is an OCR edition with typos. Excerpt from book: II DESCRIPTION OF SOUNDS 21. Voiced Stops. The phonetic symbols for the voiced stops are [b], [d], [g]. The first of these is a voiced bilabial stop, as in beet [biit], baby ['beibi], bib [bib]; the second is a voiced point alveolar stop, as in do [dui], shady ['$eidi], did [did]. The character of the sound represented by [g] varies considerably according to the quality of the vowel sounds with which it is combined. With a back vowel, as in the word gong [gorj], the sound is a voiced back soft-palate stop. When the vocalic surrounding is front, as in geese [giis], fatigue [fse'tiig], the consonant is a voiced front hard-palate stop. The shading from the extreme of the back sound to the extreme of the front sound is gradual in differing combinations. As the front or back quality of this sound is dependent upon the vowel with which it is combined and is necessarily determined by it, in the interest of economy in the alphabet one symbol, [g], will be used in this book for all shades of the sound. 22. Voiceless Stops. The phonetic symbols for the voiceless stops are [p], [t], [k]. They are the voiceless equivalents of [b], [d], [g], the first being a voiceless bilabial stop, as in pay [pei], pope [poip]; the second a voiceless point alveolar stop, as in hit [hit], debtor ['detaj]. As with [g], the character of the sound represented by [k] is determined by vocalic surrounding. In call [koil], the initial consonant is a voiceless back soft- palate stop, but in keel [kiil] it is a voiceless front hard- palate stop. 23. Fricative Continuants. The term 'fricative continuants' designates those consonants which produce an acoustic effect of whistling, hissing, puffing, 'rolling, ' or merely 'rough breathing.' They are of several varieties and must be described separately. 24..

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