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When Leaders Hesitate: The Ottoman Drift - How Leadership Failure Led to World War I In 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered the First World War without ever making a clear, unified decision. There was no parliamentary vote, no cabinet consensus, no moment of deliberate choice-yet the empire was suddenly committed. How did this happen? When Leaders Hesitate: The Ottoman Drift reveals the hidden story of indecision, fragmented authority, and leadership failure that pulled one of the world's great empires into catastrophic conflict. Drawing on primary sources, military records, and detailed historical analysis, this book uncovers how hesitation itself became a decisive force. Inside this volume, you will discover: How the Ottoman Empire retained sovereignty but failed to exercise it decisively The role of Enver Pasha and ambitious individuals in shaping outcomes without consensus The influence of Germany and foreign advisors on Ottoman strategy Why neutrality, if properly enforced, could have changed history Lessons on leadership, authority, and the costs of indecision This book is perfect for readers of military history, Ottoman history, World War I, and leadership studies. It explains not just what happened, but why hesitation, half-measures, and deferred responsibility amplified risk and led to a war that could have been avoided. History rarely turns on a single choice. Sometimes, it turns on choices that were never made.

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