Overview

Every City Has Two Names. One Is on the Map. One Is Buried Beneath It. London has been called London for two thousand years - and nobody knows what it means. Paris is named for a Gaulish tribe who burned their city rather than surrender it to Julius Caesar and then disappeared into history. Madrid is Arabic, given by a Moorish garrison commander in the ninth century, and the capital of Spain has never changed it. Reykjavik was named for geothermal steam in 874 AD. The steam is still rising. The Naming of the World: Western Europe is the second volume of The Name Behind the Place - a ten-volume journey through five hundred of the world's great city names. This volume explores sixty cities across fourteen countries, from the British Isles to Iceland, from the Phoenician shores of southern Spain to the Norse settlements of Scandinavia, asking of each the same five questions: What does this name mean? What language produced it? Who named it, and when, and why? What prior name did it displace? And what larger historical truth does the naming reveal? The answers span three thousand years of European civilisation. Cádiz may be the oldest continuously used city name in Western Europe - a Phoenician word for a walled enclosure, spoken without interruption since approximately 1100 BC. York carries four languages in its naming history: Celtic, Latin, Norse, and Old English, compressed into a single monosyllable that has been spoken for twenty centuries. Amsterdam is named for a dam on a river - and the dam is why the city exists, why the Dutch Golden Age happened, why Rembrandt painted. Brussels means the settlement in the marsh. The marsh is now under the Boulevard Anspach. The settlement became the capital of the European Union. Organised into six geographic parts - the British Isles, France, the Iberian Peninsula, the Low Countries and Belgium, the Germanic heartland, and Scandinavia and Iceland - each entry follows the same five-part structure: the surface name, the buried etymology, the historical moment of naming, the forgotten prior name, and the larger truth the naming encodes. Every entry is a complete narrative of approximately three pages - long enough to tell the whole story, short enough to be read before sleep. The result is a history of western Europe told through its most durable monuments: the names its cities have carried for centuries, for millennia, through conquest and plague and religious transformation and industrial revolution, outlasting every empire that tried to rename them and every language that tried to replace them. Cologne is named for a Roman empress. Frankfurt is the ford of the Franks. Oslo was renamed by a Danish king and reclaimed by a Norwegian parliament three hundred years later. Chartres is named for the druids who kept their sacred groves there before Rome arrived to destroy them. Geneva means the bend in the river, and the bend is still there, unchanged, surrounded now by the institutions of international law. The names in this volume are the oldest things still in daily use in western Europe. They are older than the cathedrals, older than the constitutions, older than the languages in which they are now spoken. They are the most durable thing human beings make. The Name Behind the Place is a ten-volume series covering five hundred cities across all inhabited continents. Volume 1 covers North America. Volume 2 covers Western Europe. Subsequent volumes cover Northern and Central Europe, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, East and Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Oceania and the Pacific.

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