Overview

"""This textbook, aimed at advanced undergraduates and postgraduates in paleoanthropology courses, tackles a rather difficult task—that of presenting the substantial body of paleontological, genetic, geological and archaeological evidence regarding human evolution, and the associated scientific history, in a logical and readable way without sacrificing either clarity or detail... the sheer quality of the writing and explanatory synthesis in this book will undoubtedly make it a valuable resource for students for many years."" —PaleoAnthropology, 2010 This book focuses on the last ten million years of human history, from the hominoid radiations to the emergence and diversification of modern humanity. It draws upon the fossil record to shed light on the key scientific issues, principles, methods, and history in paleoanthropology. The book proceeds through the fossil record of human evolution by historical stages representing the acquisition of major human features that explain the success and distinctive properties of modern Homo sapiens. Key features: Provides thorough coverage of the fossil record and sites, with data on key variables such as cranial capacity and body size estimates Offers a balanced, critical assessment of the interpretative models explaining pattern in the fossil record Each chapter incorporates a ""Blind Alley"" box focusing on once prevalent ideas now rejected such as the arboreal theory, seed-eating, single-species hypothesis, and Piltdown man Promotes critical thinking by students while allowing instructors flexibility in structuring their teaching Densely illustrated with informative, well-labelled anatomical drawings and photographs Includes an annotated bibliography for advanced inquiry Written by established leaders in the field, providing depth of expertise on evolutionary theory and anatomy through to functional morphology, this textbook is essential reading for all advanced undergraduate students and beginning graduate students in biological anthropology."

Full Product Details

Author:   M Cartmill ,  Fred H. Smith ,  Kaye B. Brown
Publisher:   John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Imprint:   Wiley-Blackwell (an imprint of John Wiley & Sons Ltd)
Dimensions:   Width: 22.10cm , Height: 4.10cm , Length: 28.20cm
Weight:   1.718kg
ISBN:  

9780471214915

ISBN 10:   0471214914
Pages:   624
Publication Date:   21 April 2009
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Replaced By:   9781119086703
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Unknown
Availability:   In Print  
Limited stock is available. It will be ordered for you and shipped pending supplier's limited stock.

Table of Contents

Preface xi Chapter 1 The Fossil Record 1 Changing Ideas about the Changing Earth 1 Neptune vs. Vulcan 3 A Brief Guide to Sedimentology 4 Dating the Rocks 5 The Succession of Faunas 7 Radiation-Based Dating Techniques 9 Other Dating Techniques 11 Dating Based on the Cycles of the Earth 11 The Problem of Orogeny 13 Continental Drift 14 Life: The First Three Billion Years 15 Multicellular Life 17 The Cambrian Revolution 18 Jaws, Fins, and Feet 21 The Reptilian Revolutions 23 The Two Great Extinctions 26 The Mammals Take Over 27 Chapter 2 Analyzing Evolution 29 Parsimony and Pigeons 29 Darwin’s Theory 30 Problems with Darwinism 35 The Concept of Species 38 Evidence for Anagenesis and Cladogenesis 40 The Tempo of Speciation 40 Semispecies, Hybrids, and Isolating Mechanisms 43 “Races” 44 Species and Fossils 46 Morphospecies 48 Microevolution and Macroevolution 50 The Politics of Macroevolution 52 Reconstructing the Tree of Life 52 Sources of Error in Phylogenetics 53 Linnaean Classification 58 Evolutionary Systematics 59 Phenetics and Cladistics 60 Pros and Cons of Phylogenetic Systematics 61 Chapter 3 People As Primates 63 Early Mammals 63 Allometry 71 Allometry and Early Mammals 73 Death and Molar Occlusion 73 Allometry, Motherhood, and Milk 74 Respiration and the Palate 76 The Tribosphenic Molar 78 Live Birth and Placentation 80 Cretaceous Mammals 81 The Order Primates 84 The Living Strepsirrhines 89 Anthropoid Apomorphies: Ears, Eyes, and Noses 91 Tarsiers 93 Platyrrhines: The New World Anthropoids 94 Cercopithecoids: The Old World Monkeys 95 Hominoids: The Living Apes 97 Pongids and Hominids 101 Bonobos and Chimpanzees 103 Humans vs. Apes: Skulls and Teeth 104 Primate Origins: The Crown Group 109 Fossil Primates: The Stem Group 111 The First Fossil Euprimates 113 Eocene “Lemurs” and “Tarsiers” 115 The First Anthropoids 117 Anthropoid Radiations 121 Chapter 4 The Bipedal Ape 129 Being Human vs. Becoming Human 129 The Taung Child 130 Australopithecus Grows Up 131 Bipedal Posture and the Vertebral Column 136 Bipedal Posture and the Pelvis 138 Bipedal Locomotion: Knees 142 Bipedal Locomotion: The Hip Joint 145 Bipedal Locomotion: Feet 146 Australopithecus Stands Up 150 The Skull of Australopithecus Africanus 151 Australopithecus robustus 152 Man-Apes, Just Plain Apes, or Weird Apes? 157 Postcranial Peculiarities 157 Louis Leakey and East Africa 158 Olduvai Gorge 160 Sahelanthropus: The Oldest Hominin? 164 Mio-Pliocene Enigmas: Orrorin and Ardipithecus 165 Australopithecus anamensis 168 Australopithecus afarensis 170 Lucy’s Locomotion: The View from Stony Brook 173 Lucy’s Locomotion: The Rebuttal 176 Lucy’s Locomotion: Persistent Questions 176 Australopithecus bahrelghazali? 182 Australopithecus platyops? 183 Australopithecus garhi 183 Australopithecus aethiopicus 185 Australopithecus boisei 187 Fitting in South Africa: The Problem(s) of Sterkfontein 190 Fitting in South Africa: Some robustus Questions 193 The Phylogeny of Australopithecus 195 What Did Australopithecus Eat? 201 Australopithecus and the Ecosystem 205 Two Species or Two Sexes? 207 Hunting, Gathering, and Dimorphism 209 Dinichism: A Possible Synthesis 214 Explaining Hominin Origins 215 Primitive Homo—Or “Advanced” Australopithecus? 217 Dating and Geological Context of the Habilines from Olduvai, Omo, and Koobi Fora 223 Habiline Skulls 224 Habiline Teeth 227 Habiline Postcranial Remains 227 Advanced Australopithecus: The Frustrations of Variation 229 Advanced Australopithecus: Back to South Africa 230 Advanced Australopithecus or Early Homo? Phylogenetic Issues 231 Chapter 5 The Migrating Ape: Homo erectus and Human Evolution 233 The “Muddle in the Middle” 233 A Brief History of Homo erectus: 1889–1950 235 Later Discoveries in Africa and Eurasia 238 Erectine Chronology and Geographic Distribution 240 Cranial Vault Morphology of Homo erectus 243 Cranial Capacity and the Brain 248 Faces and Mandibles of Asian Homo erectus 250 The Erectine Dentition 251 Erectine Postcranial Remains 252 Early African Erectine Skulls and the Ergaster Question 253 Early African Erectine Postcranial Morphology 257 Early Erectine Adaptations: Anatomy and Physiology 261 Early Erectine Adaptations: The Archaeological Evidence 265 Patterns of Development and Evolutionary Change in Erectines 267 Early Erectine Radiations in Africa 268 Out of Africa I: The Erectine Radiation 272 Indonesian Erectines and the Specter of “Meganthropus” 275 Chinese Erectines 278 Dmanisi—Humans at the Periphery of Europe 279 The Initial Occupation of Europe 283 Major Issues: A Summing Up 288 Taxonomy 288 Dates and Additional Evidence 289 Evolutionary Patterns 290 Chapter 6 The Big-Brained Ape: Regional Variation and Evolutionary Trends in the Middle Pleistocene 291 Of “Archaic Homo sapiens” and Homo heidelbergensis 292 Early Models of Later Human Evolution 294 The Recent African Origin Model 297 The Multiregional Evolution Model 299 European Heidelbergs 301 Petralona 302 Bilzingsleben 305 Swanscombe 305 Steinheim 306 Mauer 307 Boxgrove 309 Atapuerca—Sima de los Huesos 309 Other European Heidelbergs 314 African Heidelbergs 316 Kabwe 316 Bodo and Ndutu 318 African Heidelberg Mandibles 319 Other African Heidelbergs 319 North Africans 320 Asian Heidelbergs? 320 Mugharet El-Zuttiyeh 320 Other West Asian Candidates 321 South Asia 321 East Asia 321 Australasia 323 Ngandong 324 Liang Bua 326 Supraorbital Tori, Chins, and Projecting Faces 330 Major Issues: Speciation, Migration, and Regional Continuity 332 Chapter 7 Talking Apes: The Neandertals 337 Neandertals—Early Discoveries and Ideas (1829–1909) 339 Ideas about Neandertals—From Boule to the 21st Century 343 Neandertal Chronology and Distribution 346 Neandertal Morphology—The Cranial Vault 350 Frontal Bones 351 Occipital Bones 356 Temporal Bones 359 Brains 361 Neandertal Faces 361 External Nose 364 Prognathism 365 Internal Nose 366 Neandertal Mandibles 367 Neandertal Dentition 370 Body Size and Proportions 373 Neck and Upper Limb 377 Pelvis and Lower Limb 379 Neandertal Life History 383 Neandertal Genetics 385 Neandertal Technology 388 Diet and Subsistence Behavior 390 Neandertals and Language 391 Symbolic Behavior 395 Early European Neandertals 398 Würm Neandertals from Western Europe 401 Western and Central Asian Neandertals 402 Late Neandertals 406 Major Issues 410 Chapter 8 The Symbolic Ape: The Origin of Modern Humans 413 A “Creative Explosion”? 414 Modern Human Anatomy—The Skull 416 Modern Human Anatomy—Cranial Capacity 420 Modern Human Anatomy—The Postcranial Skeleton 421 The Geochronology of Modern Human Origins 421 The African Transition: Background and Dating 422 The African Transition: Vault Morphology 425 The African Transition: Facial Morphology 427 The African Transition: Additional Bones, Archaeology, and Other Matters 428 East Asian Archaic Humans: Background and Context 429 East Asian Archaic Sites and Specimens 430 Dali 430 Jinniushan 431 Maba 431 Other Cranial Pieces 431 Dentition 432 East Asian Archaics: Continuity or Someone New? 432 Early Modern Humans: The East African Record 432 Out of (East) Africa: Early Modern People in North and South Africa 435 The First Modern People Outside Africa: The Near Eastern Evidence 439 African and Circum-Mediterranean Gene Flow and Modern Human Origins 444 Modern Human Origins in East Asia 447 Modern Human Origins in Australasia 450 Europe: The Last Frontier 458 Recent Human Genetics and Modern Human Origins 465 Ancient DNA in Early Modern Humans 469 Modern Human Origins: The Models vs. the Facts 470 The Recent African Origin Model 471 Alternative Views—Multiregional Evolution 472 Alternative Views—The Assimilation Model 473 Assimilation and Interactions Between Modern and Archaic Humans 476 Appendix: Cranial Measurements 481 Bibliography 487 Index 565

Reviews

A Cartmill and Smith have produced a generally excellent work for advanced students.A (CHOICE, October 2009)

The Human Lineage could be used as a sole text, supplemented with journal articles and library sources. (PaleoAnthropology, 2010) Although paleoanthropology as a field moves rapidly the sheer quality of the writing and explanatory synthesis in this book will undoubtedly make it a valuable resource for students for many years. (PaleoAnthropology, July 2010) The Human Lineage excels in providing rich detail and clear explanations for complex issues. This is true of the writing, but is particularly apparent in the 300 or so superb illustrations that detail dozens of fossils as well as anatomical structures and mechanics. (The Quarterly Review of Biology, March 2010) Cartmill and Smith have produced a generally excellent work for advanced students. (CHOICE, October 2009)

Author Information

Matt Cartmill is a Professor in the Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy at Duke University. His areas of interest include: Bipedal locomotion, Gait analysis, and Origin and differentiation of primates in addition to several other subjects. Fred H. Smith is a biological antrhopologist with specific interests in human paleontology and functional anatomy. He teaches courses in human paleontology, human osteology, introductory biological anthropology, and the paleolithis prehistory of Europe and Africa.

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