Overview

Mu hr m, the n u u umbr ll - h d fru t ng body (sporophore) of certain fungi, typically f the rd r Ag r l in th h lum Basidiomycota but also f m other gr u . P ul rl , th t rm mushroom u d t identify th d bl sporophores; th term toadstool is often r rv d for n d bl r poisonous r h r . Th r , h w v r, no nt f d t n t n b tw n th two names, nd th r n be r rl l d to n fl h fungu fruiting structure. In a v r r tr t d n , mu hr m nd t the mm n edible fungus f f ld nd m d w (Ag r u m tr ). A v r closely r l t d , A. b ru , the mu hr m gr wn mm r ll nd n n markets. Umbr ll - h d r h r are f und h fl n th g r f m l (Ag r ), m mb r f wh h b r th n, bl d l k g ll n th undersurface f th from wh h th r are shed. The sporophore f n agaric n t of a cap ( l u ) nd a t lk ( t ). Th sporophore m rg fr m an xt n v underground n tw rk f thr dl k strands (m l um). An example of an g r is the h n mu hr m (Arm ll r mellea). Mu hr m m l m live hundreds of r r d n a f w months, depending n th v l bl food u l . A long as n ur hm nt is available and t m r tur nd m tur r u t bl , a m l um w ll produce a new r f r h r each r dur ng t fru t ng season. Fru t ng b d f some mu hr m occur n r or rings ll d f r r ng . Th m l um t rt fr m a spore falling n a f v ur bl t nd r du ng tr nd (hyphae) th t gr w ut n ll d r t n , v ntu ll forming a r ul r m t f und rgr und h h l threads. Fru t ng b d , produced n r th dg of this m t, m w d n the r ng f r hundreds f r . A f w mu hr m b l ng t th rd r B l t l , which b r r n an easily d t h bl l r n the und r d f th cap. Th agarics and boletes n lud m t f th f rm kn wn mu hr m . Oth r gr u f fung , h w v r, r n d r d t be mu hr m , t l t b laymen. Am ng th are the hydnums or hedgehog mu hr m , wh h h v t th, n , r w rt n th undersurface f th ( .g., Dentinum r ndum, H dnum imbricatum) r t the nd of branches ( .g., H. r ll d , Hericium caput-ursi). Th polypores, h lf fungi, r br k t fungi ( rd r P l r l ) h v tub und r the n the boletes, but th r not in n l r bl l r. P l r u u ll grow n l v ng r d d tr , m t m as d tru t v pests. M n of th m r n w gr wth each r and thus r du nnu l gr wth l r b wh h their age can b estimated. Ex m l include the dr d' saddle (P l ru squamosus), the b f t k fungu (F tul n h t ), th ulfur fungus (P. ul hur u ), th rt t' fungu (G n d rm l n tum, r Fomes applanatus), nd f the g nu Tr m t . Th l v r , or club fung ( .g., Cl v r , Ramaria), r hrubl k , clublike, r r l-l k n gr wth habit. On club fungus, th cauliflower fungu (S r r ), h fl tt n d lu t r d br n h that lie l t g th r, giving th r n f th vegetable cauliflower.

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