Overview

This edition of the book is extensively revised and updated especially the practical section of each chapter. It is designed specifically for undergraduate medical and dental students. The text of this book is wrapped up in an efficient format, designed to increase the interest of readers. Updated high quality labeled photomicrographs now which can be used as an Atlas Simple, precise and student-friendly text Point-wise presentation for easy learning and quick recapitulation during examination Line diagrams for basic understanding of the tissue/organ Pencil sketches of sections (haematoxylin and eosin) along with salient points of identification, well integrated with text for understanding technical details of structures at the backdrop of theory Practical section comprising of enlarged high quality labeled photomicrographs at the end of each chapter with detailed explanation based on students' expectation to observe Clinical correlation of certain important structures Self-assessment exercise at the end of theory for revision of the topics studied

Full Product Details

Author:   J. P. Gunasegaran
Publisher:   Elsevier India
Imprint:   Elsevier India
Edition:   3rd Revised edition
ISBN:  

9788131243459

ISBN 10:   8131243451
Pages:   454
Publication Date:   20 May 2016
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Replaced By:   9788131255704
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Forthcoming
Availability:   In Print  
Limited stock is available. It will be ordered for you and shipped pending supplier's limited stock.

Table of Contents

xi Preface to the Third Edition ...................................................................................................................v Preface to the First Edition .................................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1 HISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND MICROSCOPY .........................................1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................1 General Architecture of the Body ........................................................................................1 Units of Measurement Used in Histology ..........................................................................2 Interpretation of a Section ...................................................................................................2 Processing of Tissues for Light Microscopy (Paraffi n Wax Embedding) ...........................2 Staining Procedure ...............................................................................................................4 Microscopy ...........................................................................................................................5 Self-Assessment Exercise ......................................................................................................9 Practical No. 1 Light Microscope and Histological Technique ........................................10 CHAPTER 2 EPITHELIAL TISSUE ..................................................................................15 Classifi cation of Epithelial Tissue......................................................................................15 Surface (or) Lining Epithelium ................................................................................. 15 General Features .................................................................................................................15 Intercellular Junctions (Junctional Complexes) ...............................................................16 Surface Modifi cations of Epithelial Cells ..........................................................................18 Classifi cation of Lining Epithelium ..................................................................................19 Some Biological Phenomena of the Cell ..........................................................................26 Self-Assessment Exercise ....................................................................................................30 Practical No. 2.I Epithelial Tissue I: Simple Epithelium ..................................................32 Practical No. 2.II Epithelial Tissue II: Stratifi ed Epithelium ............................................37 CHAPTER 3 GLANDS ...................................................................................................41 General Features .................................................................................................................41 Development ......................................................................................................................41 Classifi cation of Glands .....................................................................................................42 General Architecture of a Compound Gland ...................................................................45 Self-Assessment Exercise ....................................................................................................46 Practical No. 3 Glandular Epithelium: The Salivary Glands ............................................48 Exercise ...............................................................................................................................52 CHAPTER 4 CONNECTIVE TISSUE ................................................................................53 General Features .................................................................................................................53 Classifi cation of Connective Tissue (Based on Structure and Function) ........................53 Ordinary Connective Tissue .............................................................................................. 58 Self-Assessment Exercise ....................................................................................................67 Practical No. 4 Connective Tissue I: Ordinary ..................................................................69 CHAPTER 5 CARTILAGE ..............................................................................................75 General Features .................................................................................................................75 Components .......................................................................................................................76 Functions ............................................................................................................................78 Self-Assessment Exercise ....................................................................................................79 Practical No. 5 Connective Tissue II: Cartilage .................................................................81 CHAPTER 6 BONE .......................................................................................................85 General Features .................................................................................................................85 Types of Bone .....................................................................................................................85 Bone Membranes ...............................................................................................................86 Bone Composition .............................................................................................................86 Structure of Compact Bone ...............................................................................................87 Structure of Spongy or Cancellous Bone ..........................................................................90 Bone Formation/Ossifi cation ............................................................................................90 Self-Assessment Exercise ....................................................................................................97 Practical No. 6 Connective Tissue III: Bone ......................................................................99 CHAPTER 7 LYMPHOID TISSUE ..................................................................................105 Introduction .....................................................................................................................105 Immunoglobulins ............................................................................................................105 Thymus .................................................................................................................... 108 General Features ...............................................................................................................108 Components/Structure ....................................................................................................108 Characteristic Features ......................................................................................................111 Lymph Node ............................................................................................................. 111 General Features ................................................................................................................111 Components/Structure .....................................................................................................111 Spleen .......................................................................................................................114 General Features ............................................................................................................... 114 Components/Structure .................................................................................................... 114 Theories of Splenic Circulation ....................................................................................... 116 Palatine Tonsil ..........................................................................................................118 Self-Assessment Exercise ..................................................................................................121 Practical No. 7 Lymphoid and Haemopoietic Tissue .....................................................123 CHAPTER 8 MUSCULAR TISSUE ................................................................................133 Introduction .....................................................................................................................133 Types ................................................................................................................................133 Skeletal Muscle ........................................................................................................ 133 General Features ...............................................................................................................133 General Architecture ........................................................................................................133 Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Fibre ................................................................................135 Light Microscopic (LM) Observation ..............................................................................135 Contraction Mechanism ..................................................................................................136 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibres .......................................................................................137 Motor End-Plates ..............................................................................................................138 Muscle Spindles ................................................................................................................138 Smooth Muscle .................................................................................................................139 Cardiac Muscle .................................................................................................................139 Self-Assessment Exercise ..................................................................................................143 Practical No. 8 Muscular Tissue .......................................................................................145 CHAPTER 9 NERVOUS TISSUE ...................................................................................150 Introduction .....................................................................................................................150 Anatomical Classifi cation of Nervous System ................................................................150 Classifi cation of Neurons ................................................................................................150 Structure of a Multipolar Neuron ....................................................................................151 Ganglia ..............................................................................................................................156 Neuroglia (In CNS) ..........................................................................................................158 Cerebral Cortex ....................................................................................................... 158 General Features ...............................................................................................................158 Structure ............................................................................................................................159 Contents xiii Cerebellar Cortex .................................................................................................... 161 General Features ...............................................................................................................161 Structure ............................................................................................................................161 Self-Assessment Exercise ..................................................................................................164 Practical No. 9 Nervous Tissue ........................................................................................166 CHAPTER 10 BLOOD VESSELS.....................................................................................176 Introduction .....................................................................................................................176 Types of Blood Vessels .....................................................................................................176 Structure ............................................................................................................................176 Arteries .................................................................................................................... 177 General Features ...............................................................................................................177 Structure ............................................................................................................................177 Arteriole .................................................................................................................. 181 General Features ...............................................................................................................181 Structure ............................................................................................................................181 Capillaries ............................................................................................................... 181 General Features ...............................................................................................................181 Structure ............................................................................................................................181 Functions of Capillary Endothelium ..............................................................................183 Venule ...................................................................................................................... 183 General Features ...............................................................................................................183 Structure ............................................................................................................................183 Veins ........................................................................................................................ 183 General Features ...............................................................................................................183 Structure ............................................................................................................................183 Self-Assessment Exercise ..................................................................................................186 Practical No. 10 Blood Vessels .........................................................................................188 CHAPTER 11 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ......................................................................192 Introduction .....................................................................................................................192 Functions of Skin .............................................................................................................192 Types of Skin ....................................................................................................................192 Structure ............................................................................................................................193 Epidermis ..........................................................................................................................193 Glands of Skin ..................................................................................................................199 Appendages of Skin ..........................................................................................................200 Skin Receptors ..................................................................................................................203 Self-Assessment Exercise ..................................................................................................205 Practical No. 11 Skin ........................................................................................................207 CHAPTER 12 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ................................................................................214 Introduction .....................................................................................................................214 Oral Cavity .............................................................................................................. 214 General Features ...............................................................................................................214 Structure of Oral Mucosa .................................................................................................214 Lips .......................................................................................................................... 215 Gingiva .................................................................................................................... 215 Teeth ........................................................................................................................ 216 Histological Structure of a Tooth ....................................................................................216 Tongue ..................................................................................................................... 219 Taste Buds .........................................................................................................................221 Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) .................................................................................... 224 General Plan of Gastrointestinal Tract ............................................................................224 Oesophagus ............................................................................................................. 225 General Features ...............................................................................................................225 xiv Contents Structure ............................................................................................................................225 Stomach................................................................................................................... 226 General Features ...............................................................................................................226 Structure ............................................................................................................................226 Salient Features of each Region of Stomach ...................................................................229 Small Intestine ........................................................................................................ 230 General Features ...............................................................................................................230 Structure ............................................................................................................................231 Salient Microscopic Features of each Region of Small Intestine....................................233 Large Intestine ......................................................................................................... 235 General Features ...............................................................................................................235 Structure ............................................................................................................................235 Salient Features of each Region of Large Intestine .........................................................235 Glands Associated with Digestive System .......................................................................236 Salivary Glands........................................................................................................ 237 General Features ...............................................................................................................237 Structure ............................................................................................................................237 Liver ......................................................................................................................... 239 General Features ...............................................................................................................239 Structure ............................................................................................................................240 Regeneration of Liver .......................................................................................................244 Pancreas .................................................................................................................. 244 General Features ...............................................................................................................244 Structure ............................................................................................................................244 Gall Bladder ............................................................................................................ 246 General Features ...............................................................................................................246 Structure ............................................................................................................................247 Self-Assessment Exercise ..................................................................................................248 Practical No. 12.I Digestive System: Oral Cavity ............................................................251 Practical No. 12.II Digestive System: Oesophagus and Stomach ..................................256 Practical No. 12.III Digestive System: Intestine ..............................................................263 Practical No. 12.IV Digestive System: Glands .................................................................271 CHAPTER 13 URINARY SYSTEM ..................................................................................276 Introduction .....................................................................................................................276 Kidney ..................................................................................................................... 276 General Features ...............................................................................................................276 Macroscopic Features .......................................................................................................276 Microscopic Structure.......................................................................................................277 Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) ...................................................................................283 Ureter ...................................................................................................................... 284 General Features ...............................................................................................................284 Structure ............................................................................................................................284 Urinary Bladder ....................................................................................................... 285 General Features ...............................................................................................................285 Structure ............................................................................................................................285 Urethra .................................................................................................................... 287 Self-Assessment Exercise ..................................................................................................288 Practical No. 13 Urinary System ......................................................................................290 CHAPTER 14 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ..............................................................296 Introduction .....................................................................................................................296 Testis ........................................................................................................................ 296 General Architecture of Testis ..........................................................................................296 Seminiferous Tubules.......................................................................................................298 Spermatogenic Cells .........................................................................................................298 Interstitial Tissue and Leydig Cells ..................................................................................300 Genital Ducts .......................................................................................................... 301 Epididymis ........................................................................................................................301 Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens) ......................................................................................302 Ejaculatory Duct ...............................................................................................................302 Accessory Sex Glands .............................................................................................. 303 Seminal Vesicle .................................................................................................................303 Prostate .............................................................................................................................304 Bulbourethral Gland ........................................................................................................305 Penis ........................................................................................................................ 305 Gross Features ...................................................................................................................305 Microscopic Structure.......................................................................................................307 Self-Assessment Exercise ..................................................................................................308 Practical No. 14 Male Reproductive System ................................................................... 310 CHAPTER 15 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ...........................................................318 Introduction .....................................................................................................................318 Ovary ....................................................................................................................... 318 General Features ...............................................................................................................318 Structure ............................................................................................................................318 Development of Ovarian Follicle ....................................................................................319 Uterine Tube (Fallopian Tube) ............................................................................... 324 General Features ...............................................................................................................324 Structure ............................................................................................................................325 Uterus ...................................................................................................................... 326 General Features ...............................................................................................................326 Structure ............................................................................................................................326 Cyclic Changes in the Endometrium ..............................................................................327 Cervix of Uterus ................................................................................................................327 Vagina ...................................................................................................................... 329 General Features ...............................................................................................................329 Structure ............................................................................................................................329 Mammary Gland (Breast) ................................................................................................330 General Features ...............................................................................................................330 Gross Structure .................................................................................................................330 Histological Structure.......................................................................................................330 Placenta ................................................................................................................... 334 General Features ...............................................................................................................334 Structure ............................................................................................................................334 Umbilical Cord ....................................................................................................... 335 General Features ...............................................................................................................335 Structure ............................................................................................................................335 Self-Assessment Exercise ..................................................................................................336 Practical No. 15.I Female Reproductive System .............................................................338 Practical No. 15.II Female Reproductive System ............................................................345 CHAPTER 16 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ..........................................................................348 Introduction .....................................................................................................................348 General Structure of the Conducting Portion of the Respiratory Tract .........................349 Structural Changes in the Conducting Portion of the Respiratory Tract (From Larynx to Bronchiole) ...........................................................................................349 Nasal Cavity ............................................................................................................. 349 General Features ...............................................................................................................349 Structure ............................................................................................................................350 Pharynx ................................................................................................................... 351 General Features ...............................................................................................................351 xvi Contents Structure ............................................................................................................................351 Larynx ...................................................................................................................... 352 General Features ...............................................................................................................352 Structure ............................................................................................................................352 Trachea .................................................................................................................... 353 General Features ...............................................................................................................353 Structure ............................................................................................................................353 Principal Bronchus ................................................................................................. 355 Lungs: Intrapulmonary Bronchus and its Subdivisions and Lung Parenchyma .... 355 General Features ...............................................................................................................355 Structure ............................................................................................................................355 Self-Assessment Exercise ..................................................................................................361 Practical No. 16 Respiratory System ................................................................................363 CHAPTER 17 ENDOCRINE GLANDS ..............................................................................367 Introduction .....................................................................................................................367 Pituitary (Hypophysis Cerebri) ............................................................................... 367 General Features ...............................................................................................................367 Development ....................................................................................................................367 Thyroid .................................................................................................................... 372 General Features ...............................................................................................................372 Development ....................................................................................................................372 Structure ............................................................................................................................372 Synthesis and Secretion of Thyroid Hormones ..............................................................374 Effect of Thyroid Hormones ............................................................................................374 Parathyroid .............................................................................................................. 375 General Features ...............................................................................................................375 Development ....................................................................................................................375 Structure ............................................................................................................................375 Adrenal (Suprarenal) .............................................................................................. 377 General Features ...............................................................................................................377 Development ....................................................................................................................377 Structure ............................................................................................................................378 Pineal Body (Epiphysis) .......................................................................................... 380 General Features ...............................................................................................................380 Structure ............................................................................................................................380 Functions ..........................................................................................................................381 Self-Assessment Exercise ..................................................................................................382 Practical No. 17 Endocrine Glands .................................................................................384 CHAPTER 18 SPECIAL SENSES ...................................................................................391 Introduction .....................................................................................................................391 Eye ........................................................................................................................... 391 General Features ...............................................................................................................391 Structure ............................................................................................................................391 Ear ........................................................................................................................... 402 General Features ...............................................................................................................402 Structure ............................................................................................................................402 Self-Assessment Exercise .................................................................................................. 410 Practical No. 18 Special Senses........................................................................................412 APPENDIX SOME IMPORTANT CELLS: THEIR LOCATION, FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS .....421 INDEX ............................................................................................................................ 435

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