Overview

Tuberous sclerosis, also referred to as tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), is an uncommon genetic disorder that can affect multiple organ systems. It is characterized by the development of benign tumors, or hamartomas, in a number of organs, including the brain, epidermis, kidneys, heart, eyes, and lungs. These tumors are composed of abnormal cells that proliferate and divide uncontrollably, but they are typically benign and do not disseminate to other organs. Mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, which regulate cell growth and proliferation, cause tuberous sclerosis. When these genes are mutated, they cease to function properly, resulting in the growth of malignancies in the affected organs. Diagnostic criteria for tuberous sclerosis consist of clinical symptoms and genetic testing to identify mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes. The treatment options for tuberous sclerosis seek to manage and alleviate the disorder's particular symptoms and complications. These may include medications to control seizures, when necessary, surgical removal of lesions, and therapies to address developmental and behavioral difficulties. Since tuberous sclerosis is a genetic disorder, it can be inherited from a parent who possesses a mutated TSC1 or TSC2 gene, but it can also arise spontaneously in individuals without a family history of the condition. Affected individuals and their families are frequently advised to seek genetic counseling in order to better understand the risks of transmitting the condition to future generations and to make informed decisions about family planning. Tuberous sclerosis patients can substantially improve their quality of life through early diagnosis and intervention.

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