Overview

Many define the language, in various phrases with various modifiers, as a tool of communication. However, not all the language is communicated and the language is generated before the communication. We have no words to communicate without thinking, whose concrete act is to choose the words. Therefore, cognition and language have the same origin. We the human beings have language to recognize and dominate the world, including our own mind. This is the reason why we have reason and language. Language is not merely a tool of communication, but it is indispensable to have reason and to be a Homo sapiens. The reason is based on the outside world composed of space-time. We perceive the outside world and recognize it by naming or classifying in our each vocabulary. Accordingly, a linguistic theory, which explains how and why the sentences are, should start with the cognition.The method is opposite to that of Aristotle's tradition, which begins in the form and the contents are interpreted from the form based on the view that language is a tool of communication regarding only the communicated words as language. The same view is also found in F. de Saussure, who regarded language as a given and socially approved system of signs. Language is not a system of signs, but, what we generate just in the next moment. If we shut up, language does not exist. The system or grammar may change with our usage of words moment by moment, thus, language continues to change as long as it is spoken. Consequently, this work finds the DEEP and UNIVERSAL STRUCTURE of sentence in the structure of the four-dimensional cognition. First, we deduce what structure is necessary to express the four-dimensional cognition. Secondly, we see how we generate the surface structures in five languages; English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese and Ainu. We define each word in syntactic tree diagrams just like chemical formulas to verify the deep structure in the surface structure.

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9781545429006

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Tokyo University of Technology. (2002) Gengodentatsusetsu to Gengoninshikisestsu no Keifu (Genealogy of Communicativism and Cognitivism of Language). Tokyo: Liber Press. (2006) Yojigen ninshiki no bun kouzou-Supeingo no baai-(Sentence Structure Based on Four-Dimensional Cognition: in Case of Spanish). Tokyo: Liber Press. (2011) Nihongo no bun kouzou -bun no jukeizu- (Japanese Sentence Structure: Syntactic Tree Diagram.) Tokyo: Liber Press. (2016) Eigo no bun kouzou- sinsou kouzou kara hyousou kouzou e- (English Sentence Structure: From Deep Structure to Surface Structure). Tokyo: Liber Press.) (2017) Ainugo no bun kouzou- sinsou kouzou kara hyousou kouzou e- (Sentence Structure of Ainu Language: From Deep Structure to Surface Structure). Tokyo: Liber Press.

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