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Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Roasting is a metallurgical process involving gas-solids reactions at elevated temperatures. A common example is the process in which sulfide ores are converted to oxides, prior to smelting. Roasting differs from calcination, which merely involves decomposition at elevated temperatures. A typical sulfide roasting chemical reaction takes the following form: MSn + 1.5nO2 a ' MOn + nSO2. For example: CuS + 1.5O2 a ' CuO + SO2 and 2ZnS + 3O2 a ' 2ZnO + 2SO2 The gaseous product of sulfide roasting, sulfur dioxide (SO2) is often used to produce sulfuric acid. Up until the early 20th century, roasting was started by burning wood on top of ore. This would raise the temperature of the ore to the point where its sulfur content would become its source of fuel, and the roasting process could continue without external fuel sources. Early sulfide roasting, was practiced in this manner, in open hearth roasters, which were manually stirred (a practice referred to as rabbling ) using rake-like tools to exposed unroasted ore to oxygen as the reaction proceeded.

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