Overview

In developing countries, access to the adequate sanitation systems is still limited, and a new business model is required. This book demonstrates the benefits of resource-oriented agro-sanitation systems, including the concepts and technologies, and using selected case studies, e.g. from Burkina Faso and Indonesia, it illustrates the different applications of the system. It also discusses various aspects related to resource-oriented agro-sanitation system, including resource-recovery technologies for feces, urine and grey water, business models for installation, and agricultural issues related to uses of urine and compost. Promoting installation of sanitation systems, especially in developing countries, the book is intended for water and sanitation engineers, administrators, policy makers and regulators. It also provides multidisciplinary insights, making it a useful resource for students and researchers.

Full Product Details

Author:   Naoyuki Funamizu
Publisher:   Springer Verlag, Japan
Imprint:   Springer Verlag, Japan
Edition:   Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2019
Dimensions:   Width: 15.50cm , Height: 1.70cm , Length: 23.50cm
Weight:   0.498kg
ISBN:  

9784431568704

ISBN 10:   4431568700
Pages:   314
Publication Date:   19 January 2019
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Manufactured on demand  
We will order this item for you from a manufactured on demand supplier.

Table of Contents

List of contributorsPreface   Part 1. Concepts and Business Model   Chapter 1 The concept of Resources Oriented Agro-Sanitation System and its Business Model                 Abstract                 1.1 Introduction                 1.2 Nature of conventional sanitation concept and required new policy                                 1.2.1 Three sanitation generations                                 1.2.2 Limitation of the modern sanitation concept                                 1.2.3 Resource oriented sanitation                                 1.2.4 Basic policy of the postmodern sanitation                 1.3 Sanitation business model: Case of rural area of Burkina Faso                                 1.3.1 Case field                                 1.3.2 Current value chain in and around rural household                                 1.3.3 Framework of sanitation business model for rural household in Burkina Faso                 1.4 Discussions                                 1.4.1 Difference of benefit and beneficial actors                                 1.4.2 Advantage of the postmodern sanitation concept                                 1.4.3 Effective approach for the postmodern sanitation                                 1.4.4 Topics requires further accumulation of knowledge and knowhow                 1.5 Conclusions                 Acknowledgements                 References   Chapter 2 Technologies for Resources Oriented Agro-Sanitation System. Overview                 Abstract                 2.1 Introduction                 2.2 The characteristic of feces, urine and grey water                                 2.2.1 Characteristics of human feces                                 2.2.2 Characteristics of human urine                                 2.2.3 Characteristics of grey water                 2.3 The concept for building up the technical part in sanitation value chain                 2.4 Models for Rural and urban area and technologies for these models                                 2.4.1 Rural model                                 2.4.2 Urban model                                 2.4.3 Technologies for feces                                 2.4.4 Technologies for urine                                 2.4.5 Technologies for gray water                                 2.4.6 Technologies for agricultural use of urine and reclaimed gray water                 References     Part 2. Technologies for Feces: Composting Type Toilet   Chapter 3 Fate of Carbon in Composting Process                 Abstract                 3.1 Composting Toilet                 3.2 Characteristics of feces                 3.3 Biological activity in the composting reactor of the bio-toilet system                                 3.3.1 Respiration rate profiles                                 3.3.2 TS, VS, and COD reductions                 3.4 Transformation of organic matter based on COD measurements                 3.5 Transformation of organic matter in terms of mass units                 References   Chapter 4 Fate of Nitrogen in Composting Process                 Abstract                 4.1. Introduction                 4.2 Materials and Methods                                 4.2.1 Test Materials                                 4.2.2 Condition of the butch test                 4.3 Summary of test results                                 4.3.1 Component of fecal nitrogen in human feces                                 4.3.2 Oxygen consumption in the composting process                                 4.3.3 Fate of fecal nitrogen in the composting process                 4.4 Conclusion                 References   Chapter 5 Fate of pathogens in Composting Process                 Abstract                 5.1 Introduction                 5.2 The effect on microorganisms in composting toilets using model pathogens                                 5.2.1 Moisture content, temperature and pH                                 5.2.2 The effect in actually operating composting toilets                                 5.2.3 Moisture content, temperature and pH                                 5.2.4 The fate of several species of coliphages                 5.3 Appropriate operational condition from the viewpoint of QMRA                 5.4 Appropriate microbial index for hygienic safety                 5.5 New methods for estimating the mechanisms of microbe inactivation                 5.6 Conclusions                 References   Chapter 6 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Composting Process                 Abstract                 6.1 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Human Body                                 6.1.1 Absorption                                 6.1.2 Distribution                                 6.1.3 Metabolism                                 6.1.4 Excretion                 6.2 Effect of Pharmaceuticals in Composting Process of Feces                                 6.2.1 Single Exposure Effect                                 6.2.2 Reactivation of Amoxicillin-Dosed Composting Reactor by Intermittent Feeding of Feces                                 6.2.3 Role of feces in the composting process                 6.3 Degradation of antibiotics in composting process                                 6.3.1 Factors Affecting the Degradation of Antibiotics                                 6.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Degradation Product                 6.4 Degradation of Other Pharmaceuticals in Composting Process                                 6.4.1 Effect of Feces Loading Ratio and Degradation Characteristics in Composting Process                                 6.4.2 Pharmaceuticals in Practically Operated Composting Toilet                 References   Chapter 7 Fate of Water in Composting Toilet                 Abstract                 7.1. Introduction                 7.2 Experiment                                 7.2.1 Lab scale test                                 7.2.2 Full scale test Condition of the butch test                 7.3 Summary of test results                                 7.3.1 Drying rate of sawdust matrix in the lab-scale test                                                 7.3.2 Drying rate of sawdust matrix in the full-scale test and comparison with data from lab-scale test                                 7.3.3 Effect of mixing frequency on drying rate of full-scale toilet                 7.4 Conclusion                 References   Chapter 8 Design of Composting Type Toilet                 Abstract                 8.1 Introduction                 8.2 Considerations for the operation                 8.3 Considerations for the design                                 8.3.1 Estimation of the drying surface of the composting reactor (A)                                 8.3.2 Estimation of the sawdust matrix volume (VT)                                 8.3.3 Dimensions of the composting reactor                 References     Part 3. Technologies for Urine:   Chapter 9 Components of pure fresh human urine and their fate in storage process                 Abstract                 9.1 Introduction                 9.2 Collection of urine and storage experiment                                 9.2.1 Collection and storage test of fresh urine                                 9.2.2 Pretreatment                                 9.2.3 Determination of amino acid and organic acid in urine                                 9.2.4 Molecular weight distribution of organic matter and determination of pharmaceuticals                                 9.2.5 Analysis of inorganic species and nitrogen compounds                                 9.2.6 Analysis of the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)                 9.3 Compounds in very fresh human urine                 9.4 Fate of urine component during 90 days storage                                 9.4.1 Transformation of organic matter                                 9.4.2 Electrochemical character of urine                                 9.4.3 Fate of pharmaceuticals                                 9.4.4 Nitrogen transformation                                 9.4.5 Evolution of ion species for PO43- precipitation                 9.5 Summary                 References   Chapter 10 Volume reduction of urine                 Abstract                 10.1 Introduction                 10.2 The water transport model of the vertical gauze sheet                                 10.2.1 The Model for describing water in the vertical gauze sheet                                 10.2.2 Experimental set up and material                 10.3 Experimental results: water evaporation rate and confirmation of the model                                 10.3.1 Estimation of the evaporation rate using synthetic urine                                 10.3.2 Estimation of the water supply rate using de-ionized water                                 10.3.3 Estimation of the evaporation rate using de-ionized water and mass transfer coefficient                                 10.3.4 Confirmation of the water transport model of the vertical sheet                 10.4 Preliminary design procedure of the vertical sheet for OVRS                                 10.4.1 Design procedure                                                 10.4.2 Estimation of size for a vertical sheet for OVRS adopted to dry climate conditions of Southern Pakistan                                 10.4.3 Other issues which may influence OVRS                 10.5 Conclusion                 References   Chapter 11 Recovery of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from urine                 Abstract                 11.1 Introduction                 11.2 Production of slow-released nitrogen fertilizer from urine (Ito et al. 2013)                                 11.2.1 Slow-released nitrogen fertilizer                                 11.2.2 Production of methylene urea from synthetic urine                                 11.2.3 Application to real urine                 11.3 Phosphorous recovery from Urine by heterogeneous crystallization (Ito and Funamizu, 2016)                                                 11.3.1Heterogeneous crystallization of phosphorous by using scallop (Miuhopecten yessoensis) shell                                 11.3.2 Experiment                                 11.3.3 Results-1 Observation of particle surface by SEM-EDS                                 11.3.4 Results-2 Crystal structure of precipitate on the shell surface                 11.4 Summary                 References     Part 4. Technologies for Grey Water   Chapter 12 Slanted Soil System                 Abstract                 12.1 Introduction                 12.2 Materials and Methods                                 12.2.1 Experimental apparatus and operation                                 12.2.2 Sampling and analysis                 12.3 Results                                 12.3.1 SS removal and clogging                                 12.3.2 Removal of organic materials and LAS                                 12.3.3 Pathogens removal                                 12.3.4 Phytotoxicity test                 12.4 Discussions                                 12.4.1 Treatment performance                                 12.4.2 Reduction characteristics of COD and LAS                                 12.4.3 Design criteria                 12.5 Conclusions                 References   Chapter 13 Membrane System for Grey Water                 Abstract                 13.1 Introduction                 13.2 Higher load greywater characteristics                 13.3 Membrane Bioreactor                 13.4 Nature of conventional sanitation concept and required new policy                                 13.4.1 KSWW only                                 13.4.2 KSWW + WMWW Mixture                 13.5 Flat – plate submerged MBR                 References   Chapter 14 Treatment of Greywater by Geotextile Filter and Intermittent Sand Filtration                 Abstract                 14.1 Introduction                 14.2 Materials and Methods                                 14.2.1 Evaluation of geotextiles                                 14.2.2 Evaluation of Intermittent Sand Filters                                 14.2.3 Greywater characteristics                                 14.2.4 Sample analysis                 14.3 Results                                 14.3.1 Performance of geotextiles                                 14.3.2 Performance of ISFs and geotextile filter                 14.4 Discussion                 14.5 Conclusions                 References     Part 5. Agriculture   Chapter 15 Application of human urine in agriculture                 Abstract                 15.1 Introduction                 15.2 Adequate human urine application pattern for agriculture                                 15.2.1 Pot experiments                                 15.2.2 Results                                 15.2.3 Discussions                 15.3 Effects of extra human urine volume application                                 15.3.1 Pot experiments                                 15.3.2 Results                                 15.3.3 Discussion                 15.4 Effects of continuous application of extra human urine volume on plan and soil                                 15.4.1 Pot experiments                                 15.4.2 Results                                 15.4.3 Discussion                 References   Chapter 16 On-site Use of Reclaimed Greywater                 Abstract                 16.1 Economic benefit of on-site greywater reuse                 16.2 Quantity of greywater                 16.3 Quality of greywater                                 16.3.1 Suspended Solids                                 16.3.2 Nitrogen and phosphorus                                 16.3.3 pH                                 16.3.4 Salinity and sodium adsorption ratio                                 16.3.5 Oil and Grease                                 16.3.6 Surfactant                                 16.3.7 Microorganisms                 16.4 A case study of on-site greywater reuse in rural area, Burkina Faso.                                 16.4.1 Background                                 16.4.2 Planning of on-site greywater reuse                                 16.4.3 Installing of on-site treatment facilities                                 16.4.4 Monitoring of pilot-garden                 16.5 Conclusion                 References     Part 6. Cases   Chapter 17 Experiment of a resources oriented Agro-Sanitation system in Sahelian rural community: case of Burkina Faso                 Abstract                 17.1 Introduction                 17.2 Experimental sites                 17.3 Greywater treatment                                 17.3.1 Developing the treatment system                                 17.3.2 Complex shower room –slanted soil system                                 17.3.3 Performance                                 17.3.4 Training of users                 17.4 Urine treatment                                 17.4.1 Laboratory experiment                                 17.4.2 Field tests and implementation in pilot families                 17.5 Feces treatment                                 17.5.1 Construction of composting toilet pilot                                 17.5.2 Composting process performance                 17.6 Acceptability of the system by users and willingness to reuse by-products                                 17.6.1 Demonstration of urine fertilizer value                                 17.6.2 Feedbacks on acceptability                 17.7 Conclusion                 References   Chapter 18 Experiment of a resources oriented Agro-Sanitation system for urban slum area: case of Indonesia                 Abstract                 18.1 Introduction                 18.2 Framework of agro-sanitation model for urban slum in Indonesia                                 18.2.1 Overview of case field                                 18.2.2 Agro-sanitation model                 18.3 Economic feasibility assessment of agro-sanitation business model                                 18.3.1 Materials and methods                                 18.3.2 Results                                 18.3.3 Discussion                 18.4 Demand potential assessment                                 18.4.1 Assessment scheme                                 18.4.2 Demand and supply balance                                 18.4.3 Fertilizer price evaluation                 18.5 Discussion on social aspect                 18.6 Conclusions                 References  

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