Overview

This book continues the tradition of the first two editions of the late W. S. Penn's original PVC Technology, and the extensively revised third (1971) edition prepared by myself and B. J. Lanham. In the present edition the original general format, and the arrange- ment of chapters, have been largely preserved, but virtually nothing now remains of Penn's own text: a part of the contents is based on material from the 1971 TitowlLanham version (revised, updated and mainly rewritten): the rest is new, including, inter alia, several chapters specially contributed by experts from the plastics industry in the UK and Europe. The section listing international (ISO) and national (BS, ASTM and DIN) standards relevant to PVC, which was first intro- duced (as Appendix 1) in the 1971 edition, proved a popularfeature: it has now been brought up to date and considerably extended. Two further appendices provide, respectively, comprehensive unit conver- sion tables (with additional information on some ofthe mostfrequently encountered units, and the SI units), and a list of many properties of interest in PVC materials, with definitions, typical numerical values, and references~to relevant standard test methods. For various reasons, work on this edition involved more than the usual quota of problems: I am truly grateful to the Publisher's Manag- ing Editor, Mr G. B. Olley, for his understanding, patience, unfailing courtesy and friendly encouragement.

Full Product Details

Author:   M.V. Titow
Publisher:   Springer
Imprint:   Springer
Edition:   Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1984
ISBN:  

9789401089760

ISBN 10:   9401089760
Pages:   1260
Publication Date:   14 October 1985
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   In Print  
This item will be ordered in for you from one of our suppliers. Upon receipt, we will promptly dispatch it out to you. For in store availability, please contact us.

Table of Contents

1 Introduction.- 1.1 PVC: General Terminology and Relevant Definitions.- 1.2 Early History and Development of PVC.- 1.3 General Statistics.- 1.4 Outline of the PVC Sector of the Plastics Industry.- 1.5 Vinyl Chloride Polymers and Copolymers.- 1.5.1 PVC Homopolymers: chemical structure; morphology.- 1.5.2 Vinyl Chloride Copolymers.- 1.5.3 `External' Modification of PVC by Other Polymers.- 1.5.4 Properties of PVC Compositions.- 1.6 Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC).- 1.7 Material and Test Standards.- References.- 2 Commercial PVC Polymers.- 2.1 Introduction-Production and Main Types.- 2.2 Polymer Characteristics Cardinal to Behaviour in Processing and/or Service Performance.- 2.2.1 Composition.- 2.2.2 Molecular Weight (Viscosity Number and K Value).- 2.2.3 Polymer Particle Characteristics: particle size and size distribution; particle shape and morphology.- 2.2.4 Purity.- 2.3 Characterisation and Designation of Commercial PVC Polymers.- 2.4 Examples of Basic Properties of Commercial Polymers as Used for Some Major Applications.- 2.5 Commercial Sources of PVC Polymers.- References.- 3 Commercial PVC Compounds.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Commercial Sources of PVC Compounds.- 3.3 Types and Applications of Commercial PVC Compounds.- 3.4 Properties and Designation of Commercial PVC Compounds.- 3.4.1 Designation.- 3.4.2 Properties Used in Characterisation of PVC Compounds.- 3.4.3 Some Typical Properties of Commercial PVC Compounds.- References.- 4 Elementary Principles of PVC Formulation.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Components, and Basic Types, of a PVC Formulation.- 4.3 Formulation Costing-Basic Points.- 4.4 Main General Considerations in the Selection of Principal Formulation Components.- 4.4.1 Nature and Characteristics of Individual Components of a Formulation: PVC polymer; heat stabilisers; plasticisers; lubricants; polymeric modifiers; fillers; colourants.- 4.4.2 Interactions and Mutual Effects of Formulation Components: compatibility effects; synergism; other mutual effects.- 4.4.3 Side Effects of Formulation Components: `secondary functionality' effects; undesirable side-effects.- 4.5 Some Special End-use Requirements.- 4.5.1 Food-contact Applications.- 4.5.2 Resistance to Weathering.- 4.5.3 Electrical Insulation.- 4.6 Examples of Basic Formulations.- 4.6.1 Film and Sheeting.- 4.6.2 Calendered Plasticised Vinyl/Asbestos Flooring (Tiles).- 4.6.3 Pipe and Tubing.- 4.6.4 Cable Covering and Insulation.- 4.6.5 Gramophone Records.- 4.6.6 Blow-moulded Bottles.- 4.6.7 Injection Mouldings.- 4.6.8 Extruded Profile.- 4.6.9 Paste Formulations.- 5 Theoretical Aspects of Plasticisation.- 5.1 General Introduction.- 5.2 Definition of Plasticisers and Plasticisation.- 5.3 Chemical Nature of Plasticisers.- 5.4 Theories of Plasticisation.- 5.5 Stages of Plasticiser Interaction with PVC Polymer.- 5.6 Requirements for PVC Plasticisers.- 5.6.1 Compatibility and Miscibility: the ? value; solubility parameter ?; clear point temperature; Flory-Huggins interaction parameter ?;; Ap/P0 ratio; loop or roll compatibility tests; maximum torque temperature.- 5.6.2 Effectivity of Plasticisers.- 5.6.3 Permanence of Plasticisers.- 5.7 General Relationships between the Structure of Plasticisers and their Behaviour in PVC.- 5.8 Ageing of Plasticised PVC.- 5.9 Antiplasticisation.- References.- 6 Commercial Plasticisers.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Classification of Commercially Available Plasticisers.- 6.3 Group Characteristics of Major Plasticiser Classes.- 6.4 Synonyms and Abbreviations.- 6.5 Group 1 Plasticisers-Phthalates.- 6.5.1 Lower Phthalates.- 6.5.2 General-purpose Phthalates.- 6.5.3 Linear Phthalates.- 6.5.4 Higher Phthalates.- 6.5.5 Miscellaneous Phthalates.- 6.6 Group 2 Plasticisers-Phosphates.- 6.6.1 Triaryl Phosphates.- 6.6.2 Trialkyl Phosphates.- 6.6.3 Mixed Alkyl Aryl Phosphates.- 6.6.4 Halogenated Alkyl Phosphates.- 6.7 Group 3 Plasticisers-Trimellitates.- 6.8 Group 4 Plasticisers-Aliphatic Diesters.- 6.9 Group 5 Plasticisers-Polymeric Plasticisers.- 6.10 Group 6 Plasticisers-Miscellaneous Plasticisers.- 6.10.1 Epoxy Plasticisers.- 6.10.2 Chlorinated Paraffins.- 6.10.3 Monoesters.- 6.10.4 Glycol Esters.- 6.10.5 Hydrocarbon Extenders.- 6.10.6 Other Miscellaneous Plasticisers.- 6.11 Storage and Handling of Plasticisers.- 6.12 Plasticiser Manufacturers.- References.- 7 Properties of Plaslicised PVC.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Formulation of a Plasticised PVC Compound.- 7.2.1 The `Desirability Function'.- 7.2.2 Computer-assisted Formulating.- 7.3 Softness and Tensile Properties.- 7.3.1 Effect of Plasticiser.- 7.3.2 Compounding at Equal Efficiency.- 7.4 Low-temperature Properties.- 7.5 Permanence Properties.- 7.5.1 Extraction Resistance.- 7.5.2 Migration Resistance.- 7.5.3 Volatile Loss.- 7.5.4 Automotive Fogging.- 7.5.5 High-humidity Compatibility.- 7.6 Flame-retardant Properties.- 7.7 Electrical Properties.- 7.8 Weathering and Light Stability.- 7.9 Resistance to Microbiological Attack.- 7.10 Resistance to Insect and Rodent Attack.- 7.11 Stain Resistance.- 7.12 Toxicity and Health Aspects of Plasticisers.- 7.12.1 Plasticisers for Food-contact Application.- 7.12.2 Health and Safety.- References.- 8 Fillers in PVC.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Mineral Fillers.- 8.2.1 Silicates and Silicas: asbestos; talc; clay.- 8.2.2 Alkaline-earth Metal Sulphates.- 8.2.3 Calcium Carbonates.- 8.3 Calcium Carbonate Fillers-Nature, Properties and Applications.- 8.3.1 General Types: whiting; ground limestone, marble and calcite; ground dolomite; precipitated calcium carbonates.- 8.3.2 Surface Treatments: stearate treatments; organotitanate treatments; proprietary and miscellaneous treatments.- 8.3.3 Filler Properties and Selection Criteria: maximum particle size; particle size distribution and mean particle size; colour (dry brightness); refractive index; oil (or plasticiser) absorption; dispersion characteristics; cost.- 8.3.4 Applications, and Effects of Filler Loading: flooring; plasticised compounds; rigid PVC.- 8.4 Functional Fillers.- 8.4.1 Reinforcing Fillers: asbestos (chrysotile) fibres; inorganic microfibres; glass fibres; carbon fibres; glass spheres; fine-particle calcium carbonate..- 8.4.2 Flame-retardant and Smoke-suppressant Fillers.- 8.4.3 Miscellaneous Functional Fillers: carbon black; metal powders; wood flour; starch; synthetic silicas.- 8.5 Some Filler Suppliers and Trade Names.- References.- 9 Stabilisers: General Aspects.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Degradation of PVC Polymer.- 9.2.1 Thermal Degradation.- 9.2.2 Photochemical Degradation.- 9.3 Ideal Requirements for a Stabiliser, and General Factors Affecting Stabiliser Selection.- 9.4 Heat Stabilisers.- 9.4.1 Lead Compounds.- 9.4.2 Organotin Stabilisers: chemical nature and types; characteristics and applications.- 9.4.3 Compounds of Other Metals: metal compounds with stabilising effects in PVC; composite metal stabilisers.- 9.4.4 Organic (Miscellaneous) Stabilisers: esters of aminocrotonic acid; urea derivatives; epoxy compounds; organic phosphites; miscellaneous organic co-stabilisers.- 9.5 Antioxidants and UV Absorbers.- 9.5.1 Antioxidants.- 9.5.2 UV Absorbers.- 9.6 Main Modes of Stabiliser Action.- 9.6.1 Lead Stabilisers.- 9.6.2 Organotin Stabilisers.- 9.6.3 Other Metal-based Stabilisers.- 9.6.4 Organic Stabilisers, Antioxidants, UV Stabilisers.- 9.7 Some General Features and Common Faults of Stabilised Compositions.- 9.7.1 Plate-out.- 9.7.2 Sulphide Staining.- 9.8 Testing and Evaluation of Stabiliser Effects.- 9.8.1 Concept of Stability in Processing, Service and Tests.- 9.8.2 Heat Stability Testing.- 9.8.3 Light Stability Testing.- 9.9 Detection and Analysis of Stabilisers.- References.- 10 Commercial Stabiliser Practice.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Choosing a Commercial Stabiliser.- 10.3 The Importance of a Well-balanced Lubricant System.- 10.4 One-pack Systems and the Physical Form of Stabiliser Products.- 10.5 Hygiene and Environmental Considerations.- 10.6 UK Stabiliser Manufacturers-Product Ranges and Applications.- 10.6.1 Associated Lead Manufacturers Ltd.- 10.6.2 Ciba-Geigy Ltd.- 10.6.3 Durham Chemicals Ltd.- 10.6.4 Diamond Shamrock Polymer Additives Division.- 10.6.5 Victor Wolf Ltd.- References.- 11 Some Miscellaneous Components of PVC Formulations.- 11.1 Lubricants.- 11.1.1 Functions, Nature and Effects.- 11.1.2 Interaction and Co-action of Lubricants with Other PVC Formulation Components: lubricant/stabiliser effects; mutual effects of lubricants and plasticisers; effects of polymeric modifiers; effects of fillers and pigments..- 11.1.3 Assessment of Lubricant Effects.- 11.1.4 Sources of Information on Lubricants and their Commercial Suppliers.- 11.2 Polymeric Modifiers.- 11.2.1 Processing Aids.- 11.2.2 Impact Modifiers: impact resistance-its nature, significance and measurement; the impact resistance of PVC; the nature, effects and applications of polymeric impact modifiers for PVC.- 11.3 Colourants.- 11.3.1 General Nature and Functioning.- 11.3.2 General Classification.- 11.3.3 Forms in which Colourants are Available.- 11.3.4 Choice of Colourant-Main Considerations: general appearance and colour requirements; processability and stability in processing; stability and permanence in service; health and safety considerations.- 11.3.5 Some Commercial Pigments.- 11.4 Antistatic Agents.- 11.4.1 Static Electricity Charges on PVC: Phenomena and Tests.- 11.4.2 Nature and Use of Antistatic Agents.- 11.5 Flame and Smoke Retardants.- 11.5.1 General Mechanism of Burning of Polymers and Plastics.- 11.5.2 Flame Retardance and Smoke Suppression in PVC Compositions.- References.- 12 Miscellaneous Properties of Special Interest in PVC Materials and Products.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Low-temperature Properties.- 12.2.1 Cold Flex Temperature (Clash and Berg).- 12.2.2 Cold Bend Temperature.- 12.2.3 Low Temperature Extensibility of Flexible PVC Sheet.- 12.3 Heat Resistance.- 12.4 Permeability.- 12.5 Environmental Stress Cracking and Crazing.- 12.6 Weathering Resistance.- 12.7 Resistance to Biological Attack.- 12.7.1 Microbiological Attack (Biodegradation).- 12.7.2 Insect and Animal Depredations: attack by termites; attack by rodents.- 12.8 Chemical Resistance.- 12.9 Health Hazards.- 12.9.1 Vinyl Chloride Monomer.- 12.9.2 PVC Compounds and their Regular Constituents.- 12.9.3 PVC Decomposition Products.- 12.9.4 Peripheral Hazards.- 12.10 Burning Behaviour.- References.- 13 Industrial Compounding Technology of Rigid and Plasticised PVC.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Raw Materials.- 13.2.1 PVC Polymer and Fillers.- 13.2.2 Plasticisers.- 13.2.3 Other Additives.- 13.3 Upstream Equipment (Silo Storage to Weighing).- 13.3.1 Silo Storage of PVC Polymer and Fillers: silo sizes; materials of silo construction; raw material intake (silo filling); raw material discharge;dust removal system.- 13.3.2 Conveying of PVC Polymer and Fillers: pneumatic conveying.- 13.3.3 Storage of Plasticisers: tank sizes; suitable construction materials; plasticiser delivery; pointers on pipe laying.- 13.3.4 Storage of Additives.- 13.3.5 Metering and Weighing: fundamentals of metering and weighing technology; control and monitoring equipment.- 13.4 Mixing.- 13.4.1 Blending of Bulk Materials in Overall Solid Phase: introduction; theoretical aspects of mixing, with special reference to dry blending of PVC compositions; mixers for plastics processing; tank-type or intensive mixer.- 13.4.2 Melt Compounding: compounding and pelletising; compounding of PVC for feeding calenders; extrusion of film, sheet and board; recycling.- 13.4.3 Preparation of PVC Pastes: silo storage; metering; pasting-up and dispersion; filtering; degassing; ageing; colouring.- 13.4.4 Machinery: screw-type machines; machine drives; control and instrumentation; interlocks; materials of construction; machines for the production of pastes.- 13.5 Pellet Cooling and Storage.- 13.5.1 Pellet Cooling: nature and outline of the operation; pellet cooler systems.- 13.5.2 Pellet Mixing and Storage: pellet mixer designs; handling of PVC pellets.- 14 Extrusion of PVC-General Aspects.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 The Extruder.- 14.2.1 Main Components and Their Functions, with Special Reference to Extrusion of PVC: the screw; the barrel; the head and die assembly; heating and cooling; the hopper.- 14.2.2 Some General Points Relevant to Extrusion of PVC: machine outputs and energy efficiency in modern extrusion practice; some features of, and aids to, modern extrusion; use of computers; some material aspects; some features and common faults of extruded products.- 14.3 PVC Material Flow, Homogenisation and Gelation (Fusion) in the Extrusion Process.- 14.4 Single-screw Extruders.- 14.5 Twin-screw Extruders.- 14.6 Some Commercial Machines.- 14.7 Ancillary Equipment.- 14.8 Extrusion of Plasticised PVC.- 14.8.1 Normal (Relatively Slow) Extrusion.- 14.8.2 High-speed Extrusion.- 14.8.3 Examples of Industrial Extrusion of Plasticised PVC: PVC coating of wire and cable; production of pPVC hose with braid reinforcement.- References.- 15 Injection Moulding of PVC.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Melt Properties of Particular Significance, Melt Behaviour in Relation to Moulding Conditions, and Moulding Compounds.- 15.2.1 Moulding compounds.- 15.3 Effect of Processing Factors upon Product Properties.- 15.3.1 Quenching Stresses.- 15.3.2 Orientation and Related Features.- 15.4 The Moulding Process: Available Equipment; Process Control; Some Features of uPVC Moulding.- 15.4.1 Rate of Injection and Injection Pressure.- 15.4.2 Working Surfaces.- 15.4.3 Interaction of PVC with Acetal Polymers and Copolymers.- 15.5 Materials and Applications.- 15.6 Trouble-shooting.- 15.6.1 Machine Selection.- 15.6.2 Processing Features Specific to PVC.- 15.6.3 General Considerations.- References.- 16 Sheet Thermoforming and Related Techniques for PVC.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Materials Used.- 16.3 Vacuum Forming of Sheet.- 16.3.1 Principal Methods: negative forming; plug-assisted forming; drape forming; bubble forming; snap-back forming.- 16.3.2 Details of Methods.- 16.3.3 The Moulds.- 16.3.4 Finishing.- 16.4 Matched-mould and Related Methods.- 16.5 Tolerances in Dimensions and Dimensional Stability of Formed Parts.- 16.6 Equipment Suppliers.- 16.7 Materials Assessment and Design Aspects.- 16.7.1 Effect on Quality of Draw Ratio and Temperature.- 16.7.2 Thermoformability of CPVC.- References.- 17 Blow Moulding of PVC.- 17.1 Basic Features and Historical Development of Blow Moulding.- 17.2 Blow-moulding Processes and Their Application to PVC.- 17.2.1 General Characterisation and Main Features of Processes and Systems: main characteristics of extrusion, injection, and dip blow moulding; the role and effects of stretching in stretch-blow moulding; processing and equipment arrangements; cooling methods.- 17.2.2 Industrial Blow Moulding of PVC: some process and equipment considerations; extrusion blow-moulding equipment; injection blow-moulding equipment; dip blow-moulding equipment; sources of information on blow-moulding equipment.- 17.3 PVC Compositions for Blow Moulding.- 17.3.1 The Processing Aspect.- 17.3.2 The End-use Aspect.- 17.3.3 PVC Bottle Formulations: PVC polymer; stabiliser system; impact modifiers; lubrication; other additives.- 17.4 PVC Blow Mouldings.- 17.4.1 Applications.- 17.4.2 Properties and Tests.- References.- 18 Calendering of PVC.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 The Calender.- 18.3 The Calendering Operation: General Features and Their Effects on the Structure and Properties of Calendered Sheet.- 18.4 Calender Lines.- 18.4.1 General-purpose Line: pre-calender (compounding and feed) section; calendering; the post-calender train.- 18.4.2 Special Lines and Arrangements: calendered flooring lines; lamination on or at the calander.- 18.5 The Formulation Aspect.- 18.6 Some Faults and Defects of Calendered Sheeting.- 18.6.1 Simple Dimensional Faults.- 18.6.2 Structural Defects.- 18.6.3 Faults Manifested in Appearance.- 18.7 Further Processing of Calendered Sheet.- 18.7.1 Press Finishing.- 18.7.2 Press Lamination.- 18.7.3 Surface Treatments: printing; coating; embossing.- 18.7.4 Continuous Lamination.- 18.8 Properties and Applications of Calendered Materials.- References.- 19 Rigid PVC: Main Products-Production, Properties and Applications.- 19.1 Introduction.- 19.2 Some Material Properties of uPVC.- 19.3 uPVC Pipes.- 19.3.1 Types of uPVC Pipe.- 19.3.2 Production of uPVC Pipe: equipment and process; some formulation aspects.- 19.3.3 Pipe Properties and Their Determination..- 19.3.4 Some Special Pipe Products.- 19.4 uPVC Profiles.- 19.4.1 Main Types and Applications.- 19.4.2 Production.- 19.4.3 Some Formulation Aspects.- 19.4.4 Testing and Specifications.- 19.5 uPVC Sheet and Film.- 19.5.1 Terminology.- 19.5.2 Production.- 19.5.3 Applications and Properties.- 19.6 Gramophone Records.- 19.7 Injection-Moulded uPVC Articles.- References.- 20 PVC Sheet and its Fabrication.- 20.1 Introduction.- 20.2 Unsupported PVC Sheet Materials.- 20.3 Main Fabrication Techniques Applicable to PVC Sheet Materials and Parts.- 20.3.1 Welding: hot-gas welding; extrusion welding; high-frequency welding; heated-tool welding.- 20.3.2 Bonding: solvent bonding; adhesive bonding.- 20.3.3 Machining.- 20.3.4 Conversion and Manipulation of PVC Film and Sheeting for Packaging.- 20.3.5 Surface Decoration, Marking, and Other Surface Processing of PVC Materials and Products: surface decoration; surface marking; surface processing.- References.- 21 PVC Pastes: Properties and Formulation.- 21.1 Introduction.- 21.2 PVC Pastes: Rheological Properties and Theory.- 21.2.1 Viscosity of a Simple Suspension.- 21.2.2 Main Compositional Factors Influencing the Apparent Viscosity of PVC Pastes.- 21.2.3 Expressions for the Apparent Viscosity of Pastes.- 21.2.4 Variation of Paste Viscosity with Rate of Shear, or with Time at Constant Shear Rate.- 21.2.5 Gelation and Fusion of PVC Pastes.- 21.2.6 The Measurement of Viscosity of PVC Pastes.- 21.3 Paste Components and Formulation.- 21.3.1 The Polymer: paste polymers; extender polymers.- 21.3.2 Plasticisers.- 21.3.3 Stabilisers.- 21.3.4 Fillers.- 21.3.5 Thickening Agents (for Thixotropic Plastisols and Plastigels).- 21.3.6 Miscellaneous Paste Components: viscosity depressants; diluents; other minor additives.- 21.4 Pastes for Rigid Products: Organosols and Rigisols.- 21.4.1 Organosols.- 21.4.2 Rigisols.- References.- 22 Preparation, Processing and Applications of Pastes.- 22.1 Introduction.- 22.1.1 Preparation.- 22.1.2 Conversion to Products.- 22.2 Applications.- 22.2.1 Rotational Casting.- 22.2.2 Slush Moulding.- 22.2.3 Paste Casting.- 22.2.4 Dip Coating and Moulding: hot-dip coating; hot-dip moulding; cold-dip coating.- 22.2.5 Spray Coating.- 22.2.6 Coating of Sheet Materials (Fabrics and Paper): paste coating (spreading) by doctor knife; paste coating by roller; direct-coating process; transfer (reverse) coating process; promotion of adhesion between coating and substrate; surface decoration and finishing of PVC paste coatings; testing of coated materials.- 22.2.7 Miscellaneous Paste Processing Methods of Minor Significance: low-pressure injection moulding; compression moulding; extrusion.- References.- 23 PVC Latices.- 23.1 Introduction.- 23.2 Types of PVC Latices.- 23.2.1 Homopolymer Latices.- 23.2.2 Unplasticised Copolymer Latices.- 23.2.3 Plasticised Copolymer Latices.- 23.3 Some Properties of Polymeric Products from PVC Latices.- 23.3.1 Mechanical Properties.- 23.3.2 Toxicity Considerations.- 23.4 Compounding.- 23.4.1 Latex Property Modifiers: latex stability; wetting agents; thickeners; antifoaming agents; pH modifiers and buffers.- 23.4.2 Polymer Property Modifiers: heat stabilisers; plasticisers; fillers; pigments.- 23.5 Anti-blocking Techniques.- 23.6 Applications.- 23.6.1 Textile Applications: as bonding agents in non-woven fabrics; for coating or impregnation of fabrics.- 23.6.2 Paper Treatments.- 23.6.3 Leather Finishes.- 23.6.4 Adhesive Applications.- References.- 24 PVC Solutions and their Applications.- 24.1 Introduction.- 24.2 Components of PVC Solutions.- 24.2.1 The PVC Polymer: homopolymers; copolymers; terpolymers.- 24.2.2 Solvents and Diluents.- 24.2.3 Other Solution Constituents.- 24.3 Preparation of PVC Solutions, and Solution Compositions for Particular Applications.- 24.4 Applications.- 24.5 Adhesion of Solution-applied Coatings to Substrates.- References.- 25 Cellular PVC Materials and Products.- 25.1 Introduction.- 25.2 Production Methods and Processes.- 25.2.1 Foams: dispersed-gas blowing: `chemical' blowing; gas entrainment (mechanical frothing); in-situ gas evolution and cross-linking; solvent (monomer) blowing.- 25.2.2 Other Cellular PVC Materials: the `lost filler' method; sintering of powder.- 25.3 Formulation and Process Factors in Foam Production.- 25.3.1 Effects of Formulation and Processing Variables on Foam Properties.- 25.3.2 Chemical Blowing Agents-Nature and Operation.- 25.4 Some Surface Treatments-Embossing and Lacquer Coating of Flexible Cellular Sheet Materials.- 25.4.1 Mechanical Embossing.- 25.4.2 Chemical Emboss.- 25.4.3 Emboss Effects by Screen Printing of Paste.- 25.4.4 Lacquer Coating.- 25.5 Examples of Basic Formulations.- 25.6 Evaluation and Testing.- References.- 26 Applications of PVC.- 26.1 Main Applications of Primary PVC Products.- 26.1.1 Pipes and Tubing: rigid (uPVC) pipes; flexible tubing.- 26.1.2 Extruded Profiles and Channels.- 26.1.3 Unsupported Sheeting and Film: rigid sheet; flexible sheet; foil and film.- 26.1.4 Foam: rigid foam; flexible foam.- 26.2 Composite Products (Coated, Laminated, or Filled).- 26.2.1 Coated Fabrics.- 26.2.2 Conveyor Belting.- 26.2.3 Sheet-type PVC Interior Wall-coverings.- 26.2.4 PVC Coatings and Coverings on Metal Substrates: wire and cable insulation and coverings; PVC/metal sheet laminates;.- 26.2.5 Laminates of PVC with Non-metallic Materials: sandwich panels; PVC/polystyrene sheet laminate; PVC/polyacetal laminated sheeting.- 26.2.6 Unsupported PVC Flooring and Floor Tiles.- 26.3 PVC Fibres and Fibre Products.- 26.4 Miscellaneous Products and Applications.- 26.4.1 Gramophone Records.- 26.4.2 Blown Bottles and Containers.- 26.4.3 Footwear.- 26.4.4 Battery Separators.- 26.4.5 Powder-coated Products and Mouldings Produced by Powder-coating Methods.- 26.4.6 Medical Applications.- 26.4.7 Applications in Motor Cars.- 26.4.8 Tubular-frame Furniture and Related Applications.- 26.5 Some Special, Unusual, or Minor Products and Applications.- References.- Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Product.- 1. Plastics Terminology, Properties and Testing: General.- 1.1 Terminology: general; common names and abbreviations; equivalent terms in various languages.- 1.2 General Test Conditions and Methods: conditioning and testing conditions; some general test methods.- 2. Vinyl Polymers and Copolymers.- 2.1 General (Designation, Coding, Characterisation Tests).- 2.2 Viscosity.- 2.3 Chlorine Content.- 2.4 Vinyl Acetate Content in VC/VA Copolymers.- 2.5 Ash and/or Sulphated Ash Content.- 2.6 Volatile Matter (including Water).- 2.7 Impurities and Foreign Matter.- 2.8 Bulk Density.- 2.9 Particle Size.- 2.10 Bromine Number.- 2.11 pH of Aqueous Extract.- 2.12 Miscellaneous Properties Relevant to Processing.- 2.13 Methanol Extract.- 2.14 VCM Content.- 3. Vinyl Compounds.- 3.1 General (Designation, Coding, Characterisation Tests): rigid compounds; flexible compounds, pastes; miscellaneous.- 3.2 Properties and Tests: bulk density and pourability; water absorption; temperature effects; mechanical properties; miscellaneous properties and analysis.- 4. Plasticisers.- 4.1 Bulk Properties.- 4.2 Properties in Association with PVC (Compatibility, Volatility, Migration).- 4.3 Effects on PVC.- 5. PVC Sheeting and Films.- 5.1 Rigid.- 5.2 Flexible.- 5.3 Sheet and Film Fabrication and Products.- 6. PVC Pipes, Tubing, and Pipe Fittings.- 6.1 Rigid Pipes and Fittings, Including Pressure Pipes.- 6.2 Flexible Tubing.- 6.3 Miscellaneous Standards Relevant to Pipes.- 7. PVC-coated Materials and Products.- 7.1 Coated Fabrics, including Conveyor and Transmission Belting.- 7.2 Other Coated Materials and Products.- 8. Cellular Vinyls.- 8.1 Rigid Cellular Materials.- 8.2 Flexible Cellular Materials.- 8.3 Miscellaneous Standards: definition and classification; physical properties-general; thermal properties-general; flammability and burning; chemical resistance and permeability; insulation materials:cushioning materials, sandwich structures.- 9. PVC Wire and Cable Insulation, Cable Sheathing and Jacketing.- 10. PVC Flooring.- 11. Various Product Standards and Tests.- 11.1 Colour Bleeding and Staining.- 11.2 Miscellaneous.

Reviews

Author Information

Tab Content 6

Author Website:  

Customer Reviews

Recent Reviews

No review item found!

Add your own review!

Countries Available

All regions