Overview

Modern drone warfare may not seem revolutionary in its technology—but the way it’s used has changed everything. What once was assigned to battalions now fits into a single soldier’s gear. The scale and speed of adaptation in both attack and defense have transformed the battlefield. Biological threats follow a similar pattern. They can be high-tech or low-tech, old or new, destructive or disruptive. They might emerge from space research, from revived extinct species, or even from our own microbiome, enhanced by technology. The real challenge isn’t just the agents themselves, but how, when, and where they’re deployed. Lessons from COVID-19 and Ebola show how secondary effects can destabilize societies. Current conflicts in Ukraine, Gaza, and India hint at future scenarios where bioagents are delivered by drones or hidden in weapons. The Meta-biothreat is the sum of all these possibilities in different iterations and guises- biocrime, bioterrorism, biowarfare. The novelty lies not in the tools, but in the evolving mindset behind them. Threats mutate. Strategies adapt. Vigilance must keep pace. This book proposes the concept of Disruptive Biosecurity, a holistic approach flexible in aims, methodology and scope: instead of fixating on a single agent or perpetrator, it targets vulnerabilities across the entire threat pipeline. In a world of adaptive dangers, security must evolve just as fast.

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9783032256898

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Author Information

Manousos E. Kambouris served in the Special Forces during his mandatory Tour of Duty in the Hellenic Army (1993-5). He owns a biology BSc (since 1992), and a PhD in Medical Mycology (since 2000), followed by 2-year Post Doc studies in the US (Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, UMDNJ/Rutgers; 2000-2) and teaching or research contracts in 6 Greek universities and research centers from 2002 to 2025, while serving as a Chem/Bio consultant of the Hellenic Police Headquarters in the 2004 Athens Olympics. He has delivered invited lectures in the Hellenic National Defense College (2010-4), the Hellenic National Security School (2005), been pro bono consultant of the CO of the Joint NBC Company of the Hellenic Armed Forces in 2017-9 and been invited as an external ECDC expert for the ‘Biological threats in the framework of hybrid threats scenarios Expert Meeting’ in 2024. He has published two books in Greek on Future and unorthodox warfare (2025, ISBNs: 978-618-5353-58-2 and 978-618-5353-60-5), and three books in English on Biosecurity: Hybrid Warfare 2.2 (Springer) Cham (2024), ISBN: 978-3-031-60018-0; Biosecurity in the making (CRC Press) Boca Raton FL (2023), ISBN: 9781032277325; Genomics in Biosecurity (Elsevier Academic Press) London (2021), ISBN: 978-0-32-385236-4. He has (co)authored 15 peer reviewed publications touching Biosecurity, Bioterrorism and Biowarfare that include both research papers and reviews out of a total of 56 publications to date.

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