Overview

This book reports the analyses of sixty-four-morning twilight data collected in eighteen countries in Europe from May to September 2021. We obtained the data through real-time recording of the live webcam available: location-wise, the collected data range is 41 degrees in latitude difference. The lowest is Puerto del Carmen (Spain), with its latitude of 29o, while the highest came from Tromso (Norway) at 70o. The aggregate value of the fajr birth is when the sun was 8.5o below the horizon. Interestingly, for the same period around the summer solstice, it is pretty close to what we obtained before by using thirty-eight twilight data in the USA, which resulted in the aggregate value of the sun when it was 8.7o below the horizon. Again, this result is far from the official stipulation by Muslim authorities in Europe -18o. The presentation and evidence for dawn's appearance and its analysis are done entirely in rich graphic information. Thus, even ordinary people will be able to witness the undeniable presence of the fajr. The availability of live webcam recording in areas with extreme latitude like Tromso in Norway will help us a great deal in defining the fajr birth definition during the longest day in the summer when the sun never barely set. It is an exciting research area we currently started. Dr. Tono Saksono is a professor at UHAMKA (HAMKA Muhammadiyah University in Jakarta, Indonesia). He earned his first degree in Surveying Engineering at Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, in 1979. Consecutively, he graduated with Masters in Geodetic Science from Ohio State University, the USA, in 1984, and Ph.D. in Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing from University College London, the UK, in 1988. For the last thirteen years, his research interest has switched from topography-related topics to Islamic Science. He has written several books about Islamic Science in Indonesian. He published a book entitled Pseudo Sharia Economic and Muslims Civilization Debt when he taught at the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia in 2014. Currently, he is the Chairman of the Islamic Science Research Network (ISRN) UHAMKA, Jakarta. This year, ISRN published his books regarding the twilight study entitled Premature Dawn: the Global Twilight Pattern and Premature Dawn in the USA. Dr. Bana Handaga is a Senior Lecturer in Computer Science at Muhammadiyah University Surakarta. He has a long career in computer systems development in both theory and practice fields. His first degree is in Electrical Engineering from the Bandung Institute of Technology in 1990. He then worked at a leading electronics factory, Polytron, in Indonesia until 1996. In 1998, he switched his career path to an academic environment by becoming a teaching staff in the Electrical Engineering Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta (UMS). He then pursued higher study and earned a Master of Instrumentation Engineering degree from Gadjah Mada University in 2004. His Ph.D. degree is in computer science from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia in 2013. As the Head of UMS' Information Technology unit, he developed a computer-based new student registration and higher education management system at UMS in 2005. Currently, UMS designates him the Head of Information Technology Bureau.

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