Overview

The fundamental unit of heredity is DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), which carries the ge- netic information of living species. DNA is a complex molecule where each molecule consists of two strands twisted to form a double helical structure[11]. The backbone of strands is made up of alternative sugar and phosphate groups, and these strands are bonded together with base pairs formed from four bases: Adenine(A) with Thymine(T), and Cytosine(C) with Guanine(G). The bases are organized in a sequence one after an- other to form a genetic code. Decoding the code extracts the information contained inside the DNA! With this knowledge in mind Human Genome Project (HGP) [12] was initiated in 1990 with a cost of 2.7 billion dollars to read the human genome, which has approx 3 billion base pairs. The project was closed in 2003, reporting a 1.3 billion base-pairs count of DNA in the human genome. A lot of engineering techniques and technologies have been developed over the years to extract information about the organism. Generation after generation, various techniques have been introduced to reduce the time and cost of DNA sequencing.

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