Overview

Successful endodontic therapy has traditionally depended on a triad of debridement, disinfection, and obturation. Among these, obturation plays a crucial role in sealing the root canal system to entomb residual bacteria and prevent reinfection. Many studies showed that endodontic failures were due to incomplete obturation, highlighting the need for effective sealing. Gutta-percha, owing to its biocompatibility, stability, and ease of use, remains the gold standard material for root canal obturation. Cold lateral condensation with gutta-percha is the most commonly used technique, though it often fails to fill lateral canals and apical deltas effectively. Three-dimensional obturation is the cornerstone of modern endodontics, ensuring a complete seal of the root canal system-including lateral canals, fins, and apical deltas to prevent reinfection and promote long-term periapical healing. The technique involves heating gutta-percha to improve flow and adaptability, ensuring a better three-dimensional fill of the complex root canal anatomy. They offer superior adaptability and are particularly beneficial in anatomically complex cases. Ongoing innovations in materials and delivery system

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