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Full Product Details

Author:   Bruce N. Waller
Publisher:   Pearson Education (US)
Imprint:   Pearson
Edition:   6th edition
Dimensions:   Width: 16.00cm , Height: 0.50cm , Length: 21.80cm
Weight:   0.018kg
ISBN:  

9780205159994

ISBN 10:   0205159990
Publication Date:   21 February 2012
Audience:   Adult education ,  Further / Higher Education
Format:   Undefined
Publisher's Status:   Out of Print
Availability:   Out of stock  

Table of Contents

Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1 Introduction Critical Thinking in Everyday Life Play Fair Seating a Jury Jury Research: Eliminating or Selecting Bias? Impartial Critical Thinking Adversarial Critical Thinking Cooperative Critical Thinking Exercises Additional Reading Online Resources 2 A Few Important Terms Arguments Statements Exercise 2-1 Premises and Conclusions Exercise 2-2 Deductive and Inductive Arguments Exercise 2-3 Deduction, Validity, and Soundness Induction, Strong Arguments, and Cogent Arguments Exercises 2-4, 2-5 Review Questions Online Resources 3 Ad Hominem Arguments The Ad Hominem Fallacy Nonfallacious Ad Hominem Arguments Ad Hominem and Testimony Distinguishing Argument from Testimony Exercise 3-1 Tricky Types of Ad Hominem Bias Ad Hominem Inconsistency and Ad Hominem Psychological Ad Hominem Inverse Ad Hominem Attacking Arguments Exercises 3-2 Review Questions Additional Reading Internet Resources 4 The Second Deadly Fallacy: The Strawman Fallacy Strawman The Principle of Charity The Strawman Fallacy Special Strawman Varieties Limits on Critical Thinking Exercises 4-1 and 4-2 Additional Reading 5 What's the Question? Determine the Conclusion What Is the Exact Conclusion? Exercises 5-1, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4 Review Question 6 Relevant and Irrelevant Reasons Premises Are Relevant or Irrelevant Relative to the Conclusion Irrelevant Reason Fallacy The Red Herring Fallacy Exercises 6-1 and 6-2 Review Questions Additional Reading 7 Analyzing Arguments Argument Structure Convergent Arguments Linked Arguments Subarguments Exercises 7-1, 7-2 and 7-3 Assumptions: Their Use and Abuse Legitimate Assumptions Enthymemes Illegitimate Assumptions Exercise 7-4 Review Questions Additional Reading 8 The Burden of Proof Who Bears the Burden of Proof? Appeal to Ignorance The Burden of Proof in the Courtroom Presumption of Innocence When the Defendant Does Not Testify Juries and the Burden of Proof Unappealing Ignorance Exercises 8-1, 8-2, 8-3, 8-4, 8-5, 8-6, 8-7 Review Questions Additional Reading 9 Language and its Pitfalls Defintions Stipulative Definitions Controversial Definitions Deceptive Language The Fallacy of Ambiguity Amphiboly Exercises 9-1, 9-2, and 9-3 Additional Reading Internet Resources 10 Appeal to Authority Authorities as Testifiers Conditions for Legitimate Appeal to Authority Popularity and Tradition Exercise 10-1 Review Questions Additional Reading Cumulative Exercises One (Chapters 1 through 10) 11 Arguments by Analogy Figurative Analogy Deductive Argument by Analogy Exercise 11-1 The Fallacy of Faulty Analogy Exercises 11-2 and 11-3 Analyzing a Deductive Argument by Analogy Deductive Arguments by Analogy and Cooperative Critical Thinking The Fallacy of Analogical Literalism Caution! Watch for Analogies That Look Like Slippery Slopes! Inductive Arguments by Analogy Exercises 11-4, 11-5, 11-7, 11-7, 11-8, 11-9, and 11-10 Review Questions 12 Some Distinctive Arguments and Potential Pitfalls: Slippery Slope, Dilemma, and Golden Mean Arguments Slippery Slope Separating Slippery Slopes from Strawmen The Slippery Slope Fallacy Genuine Slippery Slopes Exercises 12-1and 12-2 Dilemmas, False and True Genuine Dilemmas False Dilemmas Dilemmas in Conditional Form False Dilemma Combined with Strawman Consider the Possibilities Exercise 12-3 Golden Mean The Golden Mean Fallacy Constructing Golden Mean Fallacies Exercise 12-4 Review Questsions Additional Reading Additional Reading Internet Resources 13 Begging the Question The Problem with Question-Begging Arguments A New and Confusing Use of Begs the Question Subtle Forms of Question Begging Synonymous Begging the Question Generalization Begging the Question Circular Begging the Question False Charges of Begging the Question Self-Sealing Arguments Complex Questions Exercises 13-1 and 13-2 Review Questions Additional Reading Cumulative Exercises Two (Chapters 1 through 13) 14 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions Necessary Conditions Distinguishing Necessary from Sufficient Conditions Sufficient Conditions Necessary and Sufficient Conditions in Ordinary Language Ex Exercises 14-1, 14-2, and 14-3 Conditional Statements Alternative Ways of Stating Necessary and Sufficient Conditions Both Necessary and Sufficient Exe Exercises 14-4 and 14-5 Valid Inferences from Necessary and Sufficient Conditions Modus Ponens Modus Tollens Fallacies Based on Confusion between Necessary and Sufficient Conditions The Fallacy of Denying the Antecedent The Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent Detecting Argument Forms Exercises 14-6, 14-7, and 14-8 Review Questions 15 Scientific and Causal Reasoning Distinguishing Causation from Correlation Exercise 15-1 The Questionable Cause Fallacy Exercise 15-2 The Method of Science Randomized Studies and Prospective Studies Making Predictions When Predictions Go Wrong Faulty Scientific Claims Occam's Razor Confirmation Bias Scientific Integrity, Scientific Cooperation, and Research Manipulation Exercise 15-3 Review Questions Additional Reading Internet Resources 16 The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth Eyewitness Testimony Potential Sources of Eyewitness Error Judging the Honesty of a Witness Exercise 16-1 The Whole Truth Are the Premises True? Digging for Truth Consider the Source Exercise 16-2 Review Questions Additional Reading Online Resources Cumulative Exercises Three Chapters 1 through 16) 17 Thinking Critically about Statistics All Children Are Above Average Empty Statistics Finding the Appropriate Context Caught Off Base Statistical Apples and Oranges Statistical Half-Truths Sample Size and Statistical Significance How to Make Your Study Yield the Results You Want Exercises 17-1 Surveys Exercise 17-2 Additional Reading Online Resources 18 Symbolic Sentential Logic Truth-Functional Definitions Negation Disjunction Conjunction Conditional Material Implication Exercise 18-1 Testing for Validity and Invalidity Exercise 18-2 Punctuation Exercise 18-3 The Truth-Table Method of Testing for Validity ExExercise 18-4 The Short-Cut Method for Determining Validity or Invalidity Exercises 18-5, 18-6, and 18-7 Review Questions 19 Arguments about Classes Types of Categorical Propositions Exercise 19-1 Relations among Categorical Propositions Venn Diagrams Diagramming Statements Diagramming Arguments Exercise 19-2 Translating Ordinary-Language Statements into Standard-Form Categorical Propositions Exercise 19-3 Reducing the Number of Terms Exercises 19-4 and 19-5 Review Questions Consider Your Verdict Comprehensive Critical Thinking in the Jury Room Case One: Commonwealth v. Moyer Judge Carroll's Summation and Charge to the Jury Case Two: State v. Ransom Judge Schwebel's Summation and Charge to the Jury Key Terms Answers to Selected Exercises Index

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