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MODES OF MOTION MECHANICAL CONCEPTONS OP PHYSICAL PHEN0II.fENA BY A. E. DOLREAR PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS, TUFTS COLLEGE AUTHOR OF THE ART OF PROJECTING MATTER, ETHER, AND MOTION THE TELEPHONE ETC. BOSTON LEE AND SMEIAKD - 1897 - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I ........... Imponderables . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forces. invented and discarded . . . . . . . . Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy. its Factors. Kinetic and Potential . . . . ...... hlotion. kinds and tralisformations of hlechanical. Molecular and Atomic . . . . . . Invention of Ethers. Faradays Conceptiolls ... CHAPTER I1 Properties of Matter and Ether compared ... Discontinuity vs . Continuity ........ Size of Atoms. Astronomical Distances .... Number of Atoms in Universe ....... Ether unlimited . ........... Different Kinds of Matter. bermanent qualities of . Atomic Structure . Vortex Iiings. their Properties Ether Structureless . . . . . Matter Gravitative. Ether not ....... Friction in Matter. Ether Frictionless . .... Chemical Properties . . . . . . . . . Energy in Matter and in Ether . . . . Matter as a Transformer of Energy ..... i ii PAGE Ideas of Phenomena. ancient and modern. mtaphysic nl and mechanical . 1-3 4 5 7 . 8 . 10 . I1 15 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Elasticity ........... Vibratory Rates and Waves .... Density .......... Heat ........... ndestructibilit of Matter .... Inertia in Matter and in Ether ... Matter not inert ....... Magnetism and Ether Waves ... States of Matter . Cohesion affected by Temperature . . Shearing Stress in Solids and in Ether Ether Pressure ......... Sensation dependent upon Matter . . Nervous system not affected by Ether . Other Stresses in the Ether .... CIIAPTER 111 PAGE 49 52 54 57 .61 65 71 73, 74 8 0 . 81 83, 84 84 85 87 - 89 Transformations of Motion .......... 92 Terminology . .............. 93 Antecedents of Electricity .......... 96 Nature of what is transformed ......... 104 Series of Transformations for the Production of Light . 105 Positive and Negative Electricity ........ 106 Positive and Negative Twists ......... I07 Rotation of Arc ............. 108 Rotations about a Wire ........... 109 Ether a Non-conductor ........... I 12 Electro-magnetic Waves ........... I 15 Ether Stress and Atomic Position ........ 115 lduction and inductive Action ......... I 16 Nature of an Electric Current ......... 118 ...... U Electricity a Condition. not an Entity Mechanical Conceptions of Physical. Phenomena CHAPTER I And now we might add something concerning a most subtile spirit which pervades and lies hid in all gross bodies, by the fbrce and action of which spirit the particles of bodies attract each other at near distances, and cohere if contiguous, and electric bodies operate at greater distances as well repelling as attracting neighboring corpnscles, and light is emitted, reflected, inflected and heats bodies, and all sensation is excited and members of animal bodies move at the command of the will. NEWTON, in Pvincipin. IN Newtons clay the whole field of nature was practically lying fallow. No fundamental principles were known until the law .of gravita- tion was discovered. This law was behind all the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo and what they had done needed interpretation. It was quite natural that the most obvious and mechanical phenomena should first be reduced and so the Pyizczin was concerned with rne- chanical principles applied to astronomicalprob- I 2 MODES OP nzoiyont lems. To us, who have grown up familiar with the principles and conceptions underlying them, all varieties of mechanical phenomena seem so obvious that it is difficult for us to under- stand how any one could be obtuse to them but the records of Newtons time, and immediately after this, show that they were not so easy of apprehension. It may be remembered that they were not adopted in France till long after New- tons day...

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