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This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1861 Excerpt: ...corner teeth the edges of the enamel are more regular, and the surface is evidently worn. The tush has attained its full growth of nearly an inch in length; convex outwards, concave within, tending to a point, and the extremity somewhat curved. The third grinder is fairly up, and all the grinders are level. At seven years, the mark is worn out in the four central nippers, Fig. 144.' Fia. 145. and fast wearing away in the corner ones. The tush is becoming rounded at the point and edges; still round outside, and beginning to get so inside. (Fig. 145.) At eight years old, the tush is rounded in every way; the mark is gone from all the bottom nippers, and nothing remains in them that can afterwards clearly show the age of the horse. An operation is sometimes performed on the teeth of horses, to deceive purchasers in regard to age. This, called bishoping, after the inventor, consists in throwing a horse, 8 or 9 years old, and with an engraver's tool digging a hole in the almost plane surface of the corner teeth, of the same shape and depth of those seen in a 7-year old horse. The holes are then burned with a heated iron, leaving a permanent black stain. The next pair of nippers are also sometimes lightly touched. An inexperienced person might be deceived by the process; but a careful examination will disclose the irregular appearance of the cavity--the diffusion of the black stain around the tushes, the sharpened edges and concave inner surface of which can never be given again--and the marks on the upper nippers. After the horse is 8 years old, horsemen are accustomed to judge of his age from the nippers in the upper jaw, where the mark remains longer than in the lower jaw teeth; so that at 9 years of age it disappears from the central nippers; at 10 from the n...

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