Overview

Diabetes is a chronic disorder in the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. It is described as an increase in blood glucose after any type of meal. Diabetes results from either insulin deficiency or malfunction. According to statistics, 2.8% of the world's population suffer from this disease and it is expected to increase to more than 5.4% by 2025. Diabetes requires early diagnosis, treatment, and lifestyle changes. Diabetes is a disease that affects many people in the 21st century and is known as the fifth leading cause to death. High prevalence, variable pathogenesis, progressive process, and complications of diabetes all highlight the urgent need for effective treatments. Nowadays, different treatments, such as insulin therapy, pharmacotherapy, and diet therapy, are available to control diabetes. There are several types of glucose-lowering drugs that exert anti-diabetic effects through different mechanisms. These mechanisms include stimulation of insulin secretion by sulfonylurea and meglitinides drugs, increasing of peripheral absorption of glucose by biguanides and thiazolidinediones, delay in the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine by alpha-glucosidase, and reduction of hepatic gluconeogenesis by biguanides. In the past three decades, despite the significant progress made in the treatment of diabetes, the results of treatment in patients is still far from perfect. These treatments have some disadvantages, including drug resistance (reduction of efficiency), side effects, and even toxicity. For example, sulfonylureas lose their effectiveness after 6 years of treatment in 44% of patients. It is also said that the glucose-lowering drugs are not able to control hyperlipidemia. In addition, the side effects of medicines and their interactions with each other in vitro must be considered by medical staff. Today, many treatments that involve the use of medicinal plants are recommended. Most plants contain carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides and can often have anti-diabetic effects. The anti-hyperglycemic effects that results from treatment with plants are often due to their ability to improve the performance of pancreatic tissue, which is done by increasing insulin secretions or reducing the intestinal absorption of glucose. The number of people with diabetes today has been growing and causing increasing concerns in medical community and the public

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