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This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1915 Excerpt: ... three words are transposed. The Monogram and the Comma 105 chosen was maintained unaltered by all the acknowledged Popes except Alexander II and Urban II. The change made by the latter substituted for the Device what was in effect an additional confirmation1. But Urban's example was not followed by subsequent Popes. It will be observed that, while Lucius III adopted the Device of Innocent II, and Innocent III that of. Eugenius III, every other Pope invented a text for himself2. As the Rota was an amplified Cross, so conversely the Monogram which stands on the right hand was a compressed Bene Valete. It is like other Monograms such as had long been used by the Emperors. But their monogram contained the letters of the Emperor's name, while that of the Pope represented the final Greeting. The letters of the words are there, but the same letters have to be used more than once. The Monogram varies in size: sometimes it is nearly four inches high. Closely associated with it is the Comma placed on its right. But this was not an invention of Leo IX; it is found a good deal earlier. It has been explained as a mark of punctuation3; but its place is often taken by strokes which look like an abbreviation of Subscripsi. Possibly the Comma is a corruption or ornamental perversion of this abbreviated Subscripsi, for it takes the place of what unmistakeably stands for Subscripsi. At the time when the Bene Valete was written in full it was usually preceded and followed by a Cross. Then under Benedict VIII the second Cross is replaced by a very distinct.JJ.; and under his successor John XIX this. JJ. becomes a complex of commas (. '.)2. Under Clement II it may be reduced to a single comma3, or it may be three composite signs, one above the other ()4; but relics of a long J ...

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