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This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1981 Excerpt: ...be interpreted as representing the fluence required to produce a surface plasma within the time period that is indicated. Both experimental results lie significantly below the air breakdown threshold, and well above the metal vapor breakdown threshold, which strongly suggests that the initial electrons were provided by defect site vaporization. The experimental results also represent the observed LSD wave thresholds, and their proximity to predicted LSD wave thresholds for small site initiation is consistent. 5. Discussion Conditions required for surface plasma formation at metal mirrors under pulsed laser irradiation have been identified, and critical thresholds have been quantified in terms of pertinent radiation, material, and atmospheric parameters. Figure 7 summarizes the threshold relationships for copper under CO2 laser pulse irradiation in air. The threshold for initial electron production at the surface via exo-electron emission as a result of plastic strain is determined by the yield threshold. Defect site thermionic emission and/or vaporization as the source of initial electrons is not represented because of its vast variability. The surface melt threshold is shown for reference. Breakdown thresholds for air and metal vapor, and LSD wave thresholds for small and large initiation sites, are also included. Several general observations can be made based on the relative relationships between these various thresholds. For pulse durations near 1 ns, the air breakdown threshold is below the melt threshold. In this regime, initial electron production via plastic strain exo-electron emission at a surface temperature well below melting could lead to air breakdown and rapid evolution of the surface plasma into an LSD wave which would effectively shield the ...

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