Overview

From materials to applications, this ready reference covers the entire value chain from fundamentals via processing right up to devices, presenting different approaches to large-area electronics, thus enabling readers to compare materials, properties and performance. Divided into two parts, the first focuses on the materials used for the electronic functionality, covering organic and inorganic semiconductors, including vacuum and solution-processed metal-oxide semiconductors, nanomembranes and nanocrystals, as well as conductors and insulators. The second part reviews the devices and applications of large-area electronics, including flexible and ultra-high-resolution displays, light-emitting transistors, organic and inorganic photovoltaics, large-area imagers and sensors, non-volatile memories and radio-frequency identification tags. With its academic and industrial viewpoints, this volume provides in-depth knowledge for experienced researchers while also serving as a first-stop resource for those entering the field.

Full Product Details

Author:   Mario Caironi ,  Yong-Young Noh
Publisher:   Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH
Imprint:   Blackwell Verlag GmbH
Dimensions:   Width: 17.50cm , Height: 3.30cm , Length: 25.00cm
Weight:   1.406kg
ISBN:  

9783527336395

ISBN 10:   3527336397
Pages:   592
Publication Date:   11 March 2015
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   To order  
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Table of Contents

List of Contributors XV Overview XXIII Part I: Materials 1 1 Polymeric and Small-Molecule Semiconductors for Organic Field-Effect Transistors 3 Hakan Usta and Antonio Facchetti 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Organic Semiconductor Structural Design 3 1.3 Thin-Film Transistor Applications 6 1.4 p-Channel Semiconductors 8 1.4.1 Polymers 8 1.4.2 Small Molecules 26 1.5 n-Channel Semiconductors 37 1.5.1 Polymers 37 1.5.2 Small Molecules 51 1.6 Ambipolar Semiconductors 68 1.6.1 Polymers 69 1.6.2 Small Molecules 77 1.7 Conclusions 85 References 85 2 Metal-Oxide Thin-Film Transistors for Flexible Electronics 101 Yong-Hoon Kimand Sung Kyu Park 2.1 Introduction 101 2.2 Metal-Oxide TFTs 102 2.2.1 Advantages and Applications 102 2.2.2 Vacuum Deposition 102 2.2.3 Solution Processing 103 2.3 Solution-Processed MOThin Films 103 2.3.1 Nanoparticle-Based Process 103 2.3.2 Sol–Gel-Based Process 104 2.3.3 Hybrid Type 105 2.4 Low-Temperature-Processed MO TFTs for Flexible Electronics 105 2.4.1 Low-Temperature-Processed MO TFTs 106 2.4.1.1 Annealing Environment 106 2.4.1.2 Ink Formulation 106 2.4.1.3 Alternate Annealing Process 107 2.4.2 Photochemical Activation of Oxide Semiconductors 107 2.5 Summary 114 References 115 3 Carbon Nanotube Thin-Film Transistors 117 Taishi Takenobu 3.1 Introduction 117 3.2 Individual SWCNTs and SWCNT Thin Films 118 3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of SWCNT TFTs 118 3.4 Solution-Based Methods for SWCNT TFTs 120 3.5 Inkjet Printing of Flexible SWCNT TFTs 120 3.6 Fabrication Schemes for High-Performance Inkjet-Printed SWCNT TFTs 122 3.7 Inkjet Printing of SWCNT CMOS Inverters 124 3.8 Inkjet Printing of Aligned SWCNT Films 128 3.9 Conclusion 129 References 129 4 Organic Single-Crystalline Semiconductors for Flexible Electronics Applications 133 Marcos A. Reyes-Martinez, Nicholas S. Colella, and Alejandro L. Briseno 4.1 Introduction 133 4.2 Electronic and Structural Properties of Single Crystals 134 4.2.1 Intrinsic Transport Properties 135 4.2.2 Crystal Dimensionality 136 4.3 Crystallization Techniques 138 4.3.1 Growth from Vapor Phase 138 4.3.2 Growth from Solution 138 4.4 Single-Crystal Flexible Electronic Devices 139 4.4.1 Fundamental Mechanics for Flexible Electronics 139 4.4.2 Mechanical Versatility of Organic Single Crystals 141 4.4.3 Importance of Mechanical Properties Knowledge 142 4.4.4 The Elastic Constants of Rubrene Single Crystals 144 4.5 Strategies for Flexible Organic Single-Crystal Device Fabrication 149 4.5.1 Discrete Ultrathin Single-Crystal Transistor 150 4.5.2 Transistor Arrays Based on Micropatterned Single Crystals 150 4.5.3 Flexible Single-Crystal Nanowire Devices 156 4.6 Conclusions 158 Acknowledgments 159 References 159 5 Solution-Processable Quantum Dots 163 Hongbo Li, Vladimir Lesnyak, and Liberato Manna 5.1 Introduction 163 5.2 Optimization of the Colloidal Synthesis of Quantum Dots by Selection of Suitable Solvents, Ligands, and Precursors 164 5.3 Large-Scale Synthesis of Quantum Dots 166 5.4 Surface Chemistry of Quantum Dots 169 5.5 Post-Synthetic Chemical Modification of Nanocrystals 174 5.6 Conclusions and Outlook 179 References 179 6 Inorganic Semiconductor Nanomaterials for Flexible Electronics 187 Houk Jang,Wonho Lee,Min-Soo Kim, and Jong-Hyun Ahn 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Characteristics and Synthesis of Inorganic Semiconducting NMs 188 6.2.1 Characteristics of Inorganic NMs 188 6.2.1.1 Mechanical Properties of Inorganic NMs in Bending and Stretching 188 6.2.1.2 Optoelectrical Properties 191 6.2.2 Fabrication of Inorganic NMs for Flexible Electronics 193 6.2.2.1 Selective Etching 193 6.2.2.2 Anisotropic Etching 194 6.2.2.3 Mass Production of Inorganic NMs 195 6.2.2.4 Transfer Process 197 6.3 Applications in Flexible Electronics 198 6.3.1 Flexible Electronics 198 6.3.1.1 Flexible Solar Cell 198 6.3.1.2 Flexible Memory 201 6.3.1.3 Flexible High-Frequency Transistor 202 6.3.1.4 Foldable Transistor Using Ultrathin Si NMs 203 6.3.2 Conformal Device 205 6.3.2.1 Conformal Biomonitoring System 206 6.3.3 Stretchable Electronics 207 6.3.3.1 Stretchable Logic Circuit 207 6.3.3.2 Stretchable Light-Emitting Diode 211 6.3.3.3 Photodetector 211 6.3.4 Utilizing Deformation of NMs 215 6.3.4.1 Nanogenerator and Actuator 217 6.3.4.2 RF Device Using Strained NMs 218 6.3.5 Transparent Transistor 219 6.4 Concluding Remarks 221 References 221 7 Dielectric Materials for Large-Area and Flexible Electronics 225 Sungjun Park, Sujin Sung,Won-June Lee, andMyung-Han Yoon 7.1 Introduction 225 7.2 General Polymer Dielectrics 226 7.3 Cross-Linked Polymer Dielectrics 227 7.4 High-k Polymer Dielectrics 228 7.5 Electrolyte Gate Dielectrics 230 7.6 Self-Assembled Molecular Layer Dielectrics 234 7.7 Hybrid Dielectrics 237 7.7.1 Organic–Inorganic Laminated Bilayers/Multilayers 237 7.7.2 Organic Polymeric/Inorganic Nanoparticle and Nanocomposites 238 7.7.3 Hybrid Dielectrics Based on Organosiloxane and Organozirconia 240 7.8 Sol–Gel High-k Inorganic Dielectrics 243 7.9 Summary and Outlook 246 References 247 8 Electrolyte-Gating Organic Thin Film Transistors 253 Moon Sung Kang, Jeong Ho Cho, and Se Hyun Kim 8.1 Introduction 253 8.2 Electrolyte-Gated OTFT OperationMechanisms 255 8.3 Electrolyte Materials 257 8.4 OTFTs Gated with Electrolyte Dielectrics 260 8.5 Circuits Based on Electrolyte-Gated OTFTs 263 8.6 Conclusions 267 References 267 9 Vapor Barrier Films for Flexible Electronics 275 Seok-Ju Kang, Chuan Liu, and Yong-Young Noh 9.1 Introduction 275 9.2 Thin-Film Permeation Barrier Layers 277 9.3 Permeation through Inorganic Thin Films 280 9.4 Time-Resolved Measurements on Barrier Layers 283 9.5 Mechanical Limitations of Inorganic Films 284 9.6 Mechanics of Films on Flexible Substrates 284 9.7 Summary 286 References 287 10 Latest Advances in Substrates for Flexible Electronics 291 William A. MacDonald 10.1 Introduction 291 10.2 Factors Influencing Film Choice 292 10.2.1 Application Area 292 10.2.2 Physical Form/Manufacturing Process 292 10.3 Film Property Set 293 10.3.1 Polymer Type 293 10.3.2 Optical Clarity 295 10.3.3 Birefringence 296 10.3.4 The Effect of Thermal Stress on Dimensional Reproducibility 296 10.3.5 Cyclic Oligomers 298 10.3.6 Solvent and Moisture Resistance 299 10.3.7 The Effect of Mechanical Stress on Dimensional Reproducibility 302 10.3.8 Surface Quality 303 10.3.8.1 Inherent Surface Smoothness 303 10.3.8.2 Surface Cleanliness 305 10.4 Summary of Key Properties of Base Substrates 306 10.5 Planarizing Coatings 308 10.6 Examples of Film in Use 310 10.7 Concluding Remarks 312 Acknowledgments 312 References 312 Part II: Devices and Applications 315 11 Inkjet Printing Process for Large Area Electronics 317 Sungjune Jung, Steve D. Hoath, Graham D. Martin, and Ian M. Hutchings 11.1 Introduction 317 11.2 Dynamics of Jet Formation 318 11.3 Ink Rheology: Non-Newtonian Liquids 322 11.4 Dynamics of Drop Impact and Spreading 327 11.5 Applications of Inkjet Printing for Large-Area Electronics 333 11.5.1 Light-Emitting Diodes 333 11.5.2 Thin-Film Transistors 335 11.5.3 Solar Cells 339 11.6 Summary 340 References 341 12 Inkjet-Printed Electronic Circuits Based on Organic Semiconductors 345 Kang-Jun Baeg and Yong-Young Noh 12.1 Printed Organic Electronics 345 12.1.1 Printed Electronic Devices 345 12.1.2 Inkjet Printing Technology 347 12.2 CMOS Technology 349 12.2.1 CMOS Inverters 350 12.2.2 Ring Oscillators 353 12.3 High-Speed Organic CMOS Circuits 355 12.3.1 High-Mobility Printable Semiconductors 356 12.3.2 Downscaling of Channel Length 358 12.3.3 Reducing Contact Resistance 359 12.3.4 Reducing Parasitic Overlap Capacitance 359 12.4 Conclusions 361 References 362 13 Large-Area, Printed Organic Circuits for Ambient Electronics 365 Tsuyoshi Sekitani, Tomoyuki Yokota, and Takao Someya 13.1 Introduction 365 13.2 Manufacturing Process and Electrical Characteristics 366 13.2.1 Materials and Methods 366 13.2.2 Organic Transistors Manufactured Using Printing Technologies 366 13.2.2.1 Manufacturing Process for DNTT Transistors 369 13.2.2.2 Electrical Performance of DNTT Transistors 369 13.2.2.3 Manufacturing Process for All-Printed Transistors 369 13.2.2.4 Electrical Performance of All-Printed Transistors 369 13.2.3 Mechanical Characteristics 370 13.2.4 Inverter Circuits and Ring Oscillator Using Printed Transistors 371 13.2.5 Printed Organic Floating-Gate Transistors 371 13.2.5.1 Manufacturing Process 373 13.2.5.2 Electrical Performance 373 13.3 Demonstration 376 13.3.1 Organic Active-Matrix LED Pixel Circuits 376 13.3.2 Large-Area Flexible Pressure Sensor Sheet 376 13.3.3 Intelligent Sensor Catheter for Medical Diagnosis 378 13.4 Future Prospects 378 Acknowledgments 378 References 379 14 Polymer and Organic Nonvolatile Memory Devices 381 Seung-Hoon Lee, Yong Xu, and Yong-Young Noh 14.1 Introduction 381 14.2 Resistive Switching Memories 384 14.2.1 Fundamentals of Resistive Switching Principles 384 14.2.2 Mechanisms of Resistive Switching 386 14.2.2.1 Filamentary Conduction 386 14.2.2.2 Space Charge and Traps 387 14.2.2.3 Charge Transfer 388 14.2.2.4 Ionic Conduction 388 14.2.3 The Role of π-Conjugated Material in Switching Process 388 14.2.4 Recent Flexible RRAM Based on Organic–Inorganic Bistable Materials 389 14.3 Charge Storage in Transistor Gate Dielectric 390 14.3.1 Operation of Charge-Storage OFET Memory Devices 391 14.3.2 Charge Storage in Polymer Electrets 392 14.3.3 Nanoparticle-Embedded Gate Dielectrics 394 14.4 Polymer Ferroelectric Devices 396 14.4.1 Materials 399 14.4.2 Principles of Memory Operation 401 14.4.2.1 Capacitor 402 14.4.2.2 Field-Effect Transistor 402 14.5 Conclusions 407 References 407 15 Flexible Displays 411 Chung-kun Song and Gi-Seong Ryu 15.1 Introduction 411 15.2 Flexible Substrates 412 15.2.1 Thermal Stability 413 15.2.2 Optical Transparency 414 15.2.3 Permeation of Oxygen and Moisture 414 15.2.4 Chemical Resistance 415 15.2.5 Surface Roughness 415 15.3 Display Mode 415 15.4 Thin-Film Transistor 418 15.4.1 a-Si TFT 419 15.4.2 LTPS TFT 420 15.4.3 Oxide TFT 420 15.4.4 OTFT 422 15.5 AMOLED Panel with Printing Technology 426 15.5.1 Design and Fabrication of OTFT Backplane 426 15.5.2 Screen Printing of the Gate Electrodes and Scan Bus Lines 428 15.5.3 Inkjet Printing of TIPS-Pentacene for OTFTs 431 15.6 Fabrication of the OLED and AMOLED Panel 433 15.7 Future Prospects 435 References 435 16 Flexible Organic Solar Cells for Scalable, Low-Cost Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 439 Seunghyup Yoo, Jongjin Lee, Donggeon Han, and Hoyeon Kim 16.1 Overview of Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) Cells 439 16.1.1 Motivation for OPV Cells 439 16.1.2 Fundamentals of OPV Technologies 441 16.1.2.1 General Operation of PV Cells 441 16.1.2.2 Working Principle of OPV Cells 442 16.1.2.3 Major Components and Various Configuration of OPV Cells 444 16.2 Efforts toward Realization of Flexible OSCs 449 16.2.1 Overview 449 16.2.2 Transparent Electrodes (TEs) for Flexible OSCs 449 16.2.2.1 Metal Grids Combined with Other Transparent Electrodes 450 16.2.2.2 Other Flexible Transparent Electrodes 451 16.2.3 Encapsulation Issues 454 16.3 Flexible OSCs for High-Throughput Production: A Printing-Based Approach to Low-Cost Solar Energy Conversion 455 16.3.1 Printing Technology Overview 455 16.3.2 Review of Printing Technologies Used for OSCs 456 16.3.2.1 Screen Printing 456 16.3.2.2 Droplet Coating and Printing 456 16.3.2.3 Blade/Knife Edge Coating and Slot-Die Printing 458 16.3.2.4 Gravure Printing 460 16.3.2.5 Other Coating/Printing Methods 460 16.3.3 Issues in Module Fabrication 462 16.4 Summary and Outlook 463 References 463 17 Flexible Inorganic Photovoltaics 469 Zhuoying Chen 17.1 Introduction 469 17.2 Thin Crystalline Solar Cells Transferred onto Flexible Substrates 470 17.3 Thin-Film Solar Cells Grown Directly onto Flexible Substrates by Vapor Deposition 472 17.4 Solution-ProcessedThin-Film Solar Cells Deposited Directly onto Flexible Substrates 477 17.5 Summary 480 References 480 18 Scalable and Flexible Bioelectronics and Its Applications to Medicine 485 Salvatore Iannotta, Pasquale D’Angelo, Agostino Romeo, and Giuseppe Tarabella 18.1 Biosensing and Bioelectronics: A Fast Growing Field and a Challenging Research Area 485 18.2 Inorganic and Silicon-Based Flexible Electronics for Biosensing Devices 490 18.2.1 Inorganic Semiconductors for Flexible Electronics: From Hybrids and Inorganic Semiconducting Composites to Silicon 491 18.2.2 Bioapplications: From Cell–Silicon Junctions Toward Neuroprosthesis and Neuromedicine 496 18.3 EGOFETs for Flexible Biosensing 507 18.3.1 EGOFET: Architecture,Working Principle, and Materials 508 18.3.2 Biochemical Sensing 512 18.3.3 Interfacing with Neural Tissue 517 18.3.4 Opportunities and Challenges 519 18.4 OECTs for Biosensing and Biomonitoring 520 18.4.1 OECT Architecture andWorking Principle 520 18.4.2 The Applications of OECT as a Biological Sensor 522 18.4.2.1 Drug Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery 522 18.4.2.2 Dopamine and Eumelanin Sensing 523 18.4.2.3 Sensing Cell and Bacterial Activity 526 18.4.2.4 DNA 528 18.4.2.5 Biosensing Toward e-Textile Applications 529 18.4.3 Organic Electronic Ion Pumps (OEIPs) 529 18.5 Conclusions and Outlook 531 References 533 Index 541

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Author Information

Mario Caironi is a Tenure Track Researcher at the Center for Nano Science and Technology (CNST) in Milan, Italy, of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia. He obtained his PhD in 2007 from the ""Politecnico di Milano"" and then joined Prof. Henning Sirringhaus' group at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, UK, to work on inkjet-printed, downscaled organic field-effect transistors (OFET) and on charge injection and transport in high-mobility polymers. In 2010 he was appointed as a Team Leader at CNST and entered tenure track in 2014 in the same institution. His current research interests are on direct-writing and roll-to-roll printing processes for organic and hybrid micro- and opto-electronics, on the device physics of OFETSs and on organic thermoelectrics. Yong-Young Noh is Associate Professor in the Department of Energy and Materials Engineering at Dongguk University in Seoul, Republic of Korea. He received his PhD in 2005 from the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Republic of Korea, and then worked at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, UK, as a postdoctoral associate with Prof. Henning Sirringhaus from 2005 t0 2007. Afterwards, he worked at the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Republic of Korea, as a senior researcher from 2008 to 2009, and at Hanbat National University as assistant professor from 2010 to 2012. Yong-Young Noh has received Merck Young Scientist Award (2013) and Korea President Award (2014). He has expertise in materials, process and device physics of organic and printed electronics for flexible electronics, especially printed OFETs, carbon nanotube or oxide TFTs and OLEDs.

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