Overview

This monograph is meant for the researchers of South Asian studies with a focussed interest on the history and art of the late fifth century CE. The new study proposes a reconstructive chronology of the times. It clarifies that the fifth-century rock-cut monuments of India were all Buddhist with only a few exceptions. The excavations had begun in the peaceful times of circa 461/462 CE. However, by circa 480 CE all the cave temples were abandoned even before completion. The study re-examines the cause of the abandonment and presents some new revelations. It was ca. 465 CE when the Hephthalite Hūṇs attacked the Early Alchon Hūṇs in the Greater Gandhāra region forcing the Buddhist monks to disperse inter alia towards the Deccan, which was then peaceful. Many Buddhist rock-cut sites were flourishing there under the Gupta-Vākāṭaka-Traikūṭakas: Bagh, Ajanta, Ellora, Mahāḍ, Dhārāśiva (Jain), Banoṭī, Ghaṭotkaca, Nasik, Loṇāḍ, Kondavite, and Kanheri. The ousted Alchons led by Mahāṣāhi Khīṅgīla (r. ca. 440 to 492-496 CE) advanced into India and came up to the Narmada-Tapti valleys. The new intrusions witnessed many battles, particularly those of ca. 469, 472, and 477 CE wherein many great Indian emperors and kings were perished: Kumāragupta I, Nāgabhaṭa, Ghaṭōtkacagupta, Skandagupta, Narasimhagupta, Narendra Sena, Ravisāmba, Kumāragupta II, Hari Ṣeṇa, and Dahrasena. These disturbances in India now forced the migrant Gandhāran and the resident Deccani monks to escape to distant lands including Kucha in Central Asia. Consequently, there was catalysed the Kuchean Period III, which witnessed the introduction of many Gandhāran and Deccani ideas. Finally Buddhagupta ousted the Alchons in ca. 478 CE. The persistent defeat had taught the Alchons a lesson. They now imbibed the Indian values of liberalism as statecraft, which allowed them unobstructed rule for the next one century and two decades (ca. 479-ca. 600 CE) when they ruled from Greater Gandhāra to the Narmada valley. The new picture comes out when we attempt to synchronise and iron out the anachronisms from the known chronologies of the Early Alchons, Early Guptas, Vākāṭakas, Traikūṭakas, Gandhāra, and the rock-cut monuments of India and Kucha in the late 5th century CE. It is revealed that the monasteries were abandoned due to the attacks by the Early Alchon Hūṇs.

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DR. Rajesh Kumar Singh is an independent art historian with a specialised interest in the rock-cut monuments. He has authored four monographs and nineteen research articles. He was Assistant Archivist and Instructional Designer at the IGNCA, New Delhi; visiting professor of Art History at the Institute of Fine Arts, Meerut University; and briefly taught at the Faculty of Fine Arts, M. S. University, Baroda. He was Senior Art Historian in Kalakosh, Mumbai. Then, he was Adviser to Prof. Sumant Rao in the Revisiting Ajanta project of IDC, IIT Bombay. He was consulting art historian with Dharohar foundation, Secure Meters Limited, Udaipur to work on advanced research on Ajanta. Currently he is Senior Research Fellow with Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Singh is a member of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, British Association of South Asian Studies, Indian Art History Congress, and Indian Archaeological Society. He is Director of Hari Sena Press Private Limited, Baroda; and co-founder of www.cavesofindia.org (online database of the Indian rock-cut monuments), which is a new and ambitious undertaking co-initiated with seven other volunteer art historians.

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