Overview

Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design is a comprehensive account of the open pit slope design process. Created as an outcome of the Large Open Pit (LOP) project, an international research and technology transfer project on the stability of rock slopes in open pit mines, this book provides an up-to-date compendium of knowledge of the slope design processes that should be followed and the tools that are available to aid slope design practitioners. This book links innovative mining geomechanics research into the strength of closely jointed rock masses with the most recent advances in numerical modelling, creating more effective ways for predicting the reliability of rock slopes in open pit mines. It sets out the key elements of slope design, the required levels of effort and the acceptance criteria that are needed to satisfy best practice with respect to pit slope investigation, design, implementation and performance monitoring. This book will assist open pit mine slope design practitioners, including engineering geologists, geotechnical engineers, mining engineers and civil engineers and mine managers, in meeting stakeholder requirements for pit slopes that are stable, in regards to safety, ore recovery and financial return, for the required life of the mine.

Full Product Details

Author:   John Read ,  Peter Stacey (Stacey Mining Geotechnical Ltd, Vancouver, BC, Canada)
Publisher:   Taylor & Francis Ltd
Imprint:   CRC Press
Dimensions:   Width: 21.00cm , Height: 3.60cm , Length: 28.00cm
Weight:   1.801kg
ISBN:  

9780415874410

ISBN 10:   0415874416
Pages:   510
Publication Date:   18 November 2009
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   In Print  
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Table of Contents

Preface and acknowledgments 1 Fundamentals of slope design Peter Stacey 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Pit slope designs 1.2.1 Safety/social factors 1.2.2 Economic factors 1.2.3 Environmental and regulatory factors 1.3 Terminology of slope design 1.3.1 Slope configurations 1.3.2 Instability 1.3.3 Rockfall 1.4 Formulation of slope designs 1.4.1 Introduction 1.4.2 Geotechnical model (Chapter 7) 1.4.3 Data uncertainty (Chapter 8) 1.4.4 Acceptance criteria (Chapter 9) 1.4.5 Slope design methods (Chapter 10) 1.4.6 Design implementation (Chapter 11) 1.4.7 Slope evaluation and monitoring (Chapter 12) 1.4.8 Risk management (Chapter 13) 1.4.9 Closure (Chapter 14) 1.5 Design requirements by project level 1.5.1 Project development 1.5.2 Study requirements 1.6 Review 1.6.1 Overview 1.6.2 Review levels 1.6.3 Geotechnically competent person 1.7 Conclusion 2 Field data collection John Read, Jarek Jakubec and Geoff Beale 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Outcrop mapping and logging 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 General geotechnical logging 2.2.3 Mapping for structural analyses 2.2.4 Surface geophysical techniques 2.3 Overburden soils logging 2.3.1 Classification 2.3.2 Strength and relative density 2.4 Core drilling and logging 2.4.1 Introduction 2.4.2 Planning and scoping 2.4.3 Drill hole location and collar surveying 2.4.4 Core barrels 2.4.5 Downhole surveying 2.4.6 Core orientation 2.4.7 Core handling and documentation 2.4.8 Core sampling, storage and preservation 2.4.9 Core logging 2.4.10 Downhole geophysical techniques 2.5 Groundwater data collection 2.5.1 Approach to groundwater data collection 2.5.2 Tests conducted during RC drilling 2.5.3 Piezometer installation 2.5.4 Guidance notes: installation of test wells for pit slope depressurisation 2.5.5 Hydraulic tests 2.5.6 Setting up pilot depressurisation trials 2.6 Data management Endnotes 3 Geological model John Read and Luke Keeney 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Physical setting 3.3 Ore body environments 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Porphyry deposits 3.3.3 Epithermal deposits 3.3.4 Kimberlites 3.3.5 VMS deposits 3.3.6 Skarn deposits 3.3.7 Stratabound deposits 3.4 Geotechnical requirements 3.5 Regional seismicity 3.5.1 Distribution of earthquakes 3.5.2 Seismic risk 3.6 Regional stress 4 Structural model John Read 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Model components 4.2.1 Major structures 4.2.2 Fabric 4.3 Geological environments 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Intrusive 4.3.3 Sedimentary 4.3.4 Metamorphic 4.4 Structural modelling tools 4.4.1 Solid modelling 4.4.2 Stereographic projection 4.4.3 Discrete fracture network modelling 4.5 Structural domain definition 4.5.1 General guidelines 4.5.2 Example application 5 Rock mass model Antonio Karzulovic and John Read 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Intact rock strength 5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2 Index properties 5.2.3 Mechanical properties 5.2.4 Special conditions 5.3 Strength of structural defects 5.3.1 Terminology and classification 5.3.2 Defect strength 5.4 Rock mass classification 5.4.1 Introduction 5.4.2 RMR, Bieniawski 5.4.3 Laubscher IRMR and MRMR 5.4.4 Hoek-Brown GSI 5.5 Rock mass strength 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 Laubscher strength criteria 5.5.3 Hoek-Brown strength criterion 5.5.5 Directional rock mass strength 5.5.6 Synthetic rock mass model 6 Hydrogeological model Geoff Beale 6.1 Hydrogeology and slope engineering 6.1.1 Introduction 6.1.2 Porosity and pore pressure 6.1.3 General mine dewatering and localised pore pressure control 6.1.4 Making the decision to depressurise 6.1.5 Developing a slope depressurisation program 6.2 Background to groundwater hydraulics 6.2.1 Groundwater flow 6.2.2 Porous-medium (intergranular) groundwater settings 6.2.3 Fracture-flow groundwater settings 6.2.4 Influences on fracturing and groundwater 6.2.5 Mechanisms controlling pore pressure reduction 6.3 Developing a conceptual hydrogeological model of pit slopes 6.3.1 Integrating the pit slope model into the regional model 6.3.2 Conceptual mine scale hydrogeological model 6.3.3 Detailed hydrogeological model of pit slopes 6.4 Numerical hydrogeological models 6.4.1 Introduction 6.4.2 Numerical hydrogeological models for mine scale dewatering applications 6.4.3 Pit slope scale numerical modelling 6.4.4 Numerical modelling for pit slope pore pressures 6.4.5 Coupling pore pressure and geotechnical models 6.5 Implementing a slope depressurisation program 6.5.1 General mine dewatering 6.5.2 Specific programs for control of pit slope pressures 6.5.3 Selecting a slope depressurisation method 6.5.4 Use of blasting to open up drainage pathways 6.5.5 Water management and control 6.6 Areas for future research 6.6.1 Introduction 6.6.2 Relative pore pressure behaviour between high-order and low-order fractures 6.6.3 Standardising the interaction between pore pressure and geotechnical models 6.6.4 Investigation of transient pore pressures 6.6.5 Coupled pore pressure and geotechnical modelling 7 Geotechnical model Alan Guest and John Read 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Constructing the geotechnical model 7.2.1 Required output 7.2.2 Model development 7.2.3 Building the model 7.2.4 Block modelling approach 7.3 Applying the geotechnical model 7.3.1 Scale effects 7.3.2 Classification systems 7.3.3 Hoek-Brown rock mass strength criterion 7.3.4 Pore pressure considerations 8 Data uncertainty John Read 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Causes of data uncertainty 8.3 Impact of data uncertainty 8.4 Quantifying data uncertainty 8.4.1 Overview 8.4.2 Subjective assessment 8.4.3 Relative frequency concepts 8.5 Reporting data uncertainty 8.5.1 Geotechnical reporting system 8.5.2 Assessment criteria checklist 8.6 Summary and conclusions 9 Acceptance criteria Johan Wesseloo and John Read 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Factor of safety 9.2.1 FoS as a design criterion 9.2.2 Tolerable factors of safety 9.3 Probability of failure 9.3.1 PoF as a design criterion 9.3.2 Acceptable levels of PoF 9.4 Risk model 9.4.1 Introduction 9.4.2 Cost-benefit analysis 9.4.3 Risk model process 9.4.4 Formulating acceptance criteria 9.4.5 Slope angles and levels of confidence 9.5 Summary 10 Slope design methods Loren Lorig, Peter Stacey and John Read 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Design steps 10.1.2 Design analyses 10.2 Kinematic analyses 10.2.1 Benches 10.2.2 Inter-ramp slopes 10.3 Rock mass analyses 10.3.1 Overview 10.3.2 Empirical methods 10.3.3 Limit equilibrium methods 10.3.4 Numerical methods 10.3.5 Summary recommendations 11 Design implementation Peter Williams, John Floyd, Gideon Chitombo and Trevor Maton 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Mine planning aspects of slope design 11.2.1 Introduction 11.2.2 Open pit design philosophy 11.2.3 Open pit design process 11.2.4 Application of slope design criteria in mine design 11.2.5 Summary and conclusions 11.3 Controlled blasting 11.3.1 Introduction 11.3.2 Design terminology 11.3.3 Blast damage mechanisms 11.3.4 Influence of geology on blast-induced damage 11.3.5 Controlled blasting techniques 11.3.6 Delay configuration 11.3.7 Design implementation 11.3.8 Performance monitoring and analysis 11.3.8.1 Post blast inspection 11.3.8.2 Post excavation inspection and batter quantification 11.3.9 Design refinement 11.3.10 Design platform 11.3.11 Planning and optimisation cycle 11.4 Excavation and scaling 11.4.1 Excavation 11.4.2 Scaling and bench cleanup 11.4.3 Evaluation of bench design achievement 11.5 Artificial support 11.5.1 Basic approaches 11.5.2 Stabilisation, repair and support methods 11.5.3 Design considerations 11.5.4 Economic considerations 11.5.5 Safety considerations 11.5.6 Specific situations 11.5.7 Reinforcement measures 11.5.8 Rockfall protection measures 12 Performance assessment and monitoring Mark Hawley, Scott Marisett, Geoff Beale and Peter Stacey 12.1 Assessing slope performance 12.1.2 Geotechnical model validation and refinement 12.1.3 Bench performance 12.1.4 Inter-ramp slope performance 12.1.5 Overall slope performance 12.1.6 Summary and conclusions 12.2 Slope monitoring 12.2.1 Introduction 12.2.2 Movement monitoring systems 12.2.3 Guidelines on the execution of monitoring programs 12.3 Ground control management plans 12.3.1 Introduction 12.3.2 Slope stability plan 13 Risk management Ted Brown and Alison Booth 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Background 13.1.2 Purpose and content of this chapter 13.1.3 Sources of Information 13.2 Overview of risk management 13.2.1 Definitions 13.2.2 General risk management process 13.2.3 Risk management in the minerals industry 13.3 Geotechnical risk management for open pit slopes 13.4 Risk assessment methodologies 13.4.1 Approaches to risk assessment 13.4.2 Risk identification 13.4.3 Risk analysis 13.4.4 Risk evaluation 13.5 Risk mitigation 13.5.1 Overview 13.5.2 Hierarchy of controls 13.5.3 Geotechnical control measures 13.5.4 Mitigation plans 13.5.5 Monitoring, review and feedback 14 Open pit closure Dirk van Zyl 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Mine closure planning for open pits 14.2.1 Introduction 14.2.2 Closure planning for new mines 14.2.3 Closure planning for existing mines 14.2.4 Risk assessment and management 14.3 Open pit closure planning 14.3.1 Closure goals and criteria 14.3.2 Site characterisation 14.3.3 Ore body characteristics and mining approach 14.3.4 Surface water diversion 14.3.5 Pit water balance 14.3.6 Pit lake water quality 14.3.7 Ecological risk assessment 14.3.8 Pit wall stability 14.3.9 Pit access 14.3.10 Reality of open pit closure 14.4 Open pit closure activities and post-closure monitoring 14.4.1 Closure activities 14.4.2 Post-closure monitoring 14.5 Conclusions Endnotes Appendix 1: Groundwater data collection Appendix 2: Essential statistical and probability theory Appendix 3: Influence of in situ stresses on open pit design Appendix 4: Risk management: geotechnical hazard checklists Appendix 5: Example regulations for open pit closure Terminology and definitions References Index

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Author Information

Dr. Read has over 40 years experience as a practitioner and consultant in the mining industry, with special interests and expertise in rock slope stability. In 1990 Dr Read began his own geotechnical engineering practice. Since then he has specialised in slope stability and open pit mine slope design and investigation tasks in Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Canada, South Africa, and Zambia. From 1994 to 2004 he was Deputy Chief of CSIRO Exploration & Mining and Executive Manager of the Queensland Centre for Advanced Technologies, Brisbane.

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