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There are many varieties of nitrifying bacteria in nature. Some types live in freshwater, some in saltwater and others live in both! Nitrifiers can be found in garden soil, on pebbles in a stream, living ocean sediment and in sewage treatment plants. They're almost everywhere, even in water vapor floating through the air. In the early days of fish keeping, no one knew anything about nitrifying bacteria or biological filtration. People added a layer of soil, pebbles and live plants when they started a new tank. Nitrifying bacteria were carried into the aquarium on all these aquascaping materials and even on the live plants and fish. This helped seed the new aquarium with bacteria, starting-up the biological filter. Keep in mind that no one knew about ammonia and nitrite toxicity. They didn't even have aquarium test kits to check on the water quality.

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