Overview

Periodontal disease is a complex, multifactorial condition influenced by microbial, environmental, and host-related factors. Genetics plays a significant role in determining individual susceptibility, severity, and progression of the disease. Variations in genes regulating immune response, inflammatory pathways, and connective tissue metabolism-such as IL-1, TNF-α, and MMP polymorphisms-have been linked to higher risk. Family and twin studies also support a heritable component, especially in aggressive periodontitis. Understanding genetic predisposition helps in early identification of high-risk individuals, guiding personalized prevention and treatment strategies.

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