Overview

Air conditioning boosts man's efficiency no less than his comfort. Air-conditioned homes, offices, and factories unmistakably raise human productivity and reduce absenteeism, turnover, mistakes, accidents and grievances, especially in summer. Accordingly, many employers every year cool workrooms and offices to raise summer profits. Employees in turn find cool homes enhancing not only comfort and prestige but also personal efficiency and income. With such economic impetus, low-cost summer cooling must irresistibly spread to all kinds of occupied buildings. Refrigeration provides our best cooling, serving well where people are closely spaced in well-constructed, shaded, and insulated structures. However, its first and operating costs bar it from our hottest commercial, industrial, and residential buildings. Fortunately, evaporative cooling is an economical substitute in many regions. First used in Southwest homes and businesses and in textile mills, it soon invaded other fields and climates. In 1946, six firms produced 200,000 evaporative coolers; in 1958, 25 firms produced 1,250,000, despite the phenomenal sale of refrigerating window air conditioners. Though clearly secondary to refrigeration, evaporative cooling is 60 to 80 percent is economical for moderate income groups and cheaper to buy and operate. Thus, it climates where summers are short. Moreover, it cheaply cools hot, thinly constructed mills, factories, workshops, foundries, powerhouses, farm buildings, canneries, etc., where refrigerated cooling is prohibitively expensive.

Full Product Details

Author:   John R. Watt
Publisher:   Chapman and Hall
Imprint:   Chapman and Hall
Edition:   2nd Revised edition
Weight:   0.890kg
ISBN:  

9780412011511

ISBN 10:   0412011514
Pages:   456
Publication Date:   27 November 1986
Audience:   College/higher education ,  Professional and scholarly ,  Undergraduate ,  Postgraduate, Research & Scholarly
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   In Print  
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Table of Contents

Evaporative Cooling Types.- Long Scientific Neglect.- Aid to Industrial Productivity.- Coming Triumphs.- Omissions.- Abbreviations.- Metric Equivalents.- II. History of Evaporative Cooling.- Primitive Evaporative Cooling.- Modern Evaporative Cooling.- Eastern Types and History.- Western Types and Development.- Typical Indirect System Cooling Towers.- An Early Plate-Type Indirect Cooler.- Early Drip Coolers.- Mass Production Begins.- Historical Importance.- The Industry Consolidates.- Industry Achievements.- Review Questions.- III. Theory of Direct Evaporative Cooling.- Heat and Mass Transfer.- Sensible and Latent Heat.- Adiabatic Saturation.- Limits of Direct Evaporative Cooling.- Humidity Measurement.- Dry-Bulb and Wet-Bulb Temperatures.- Psychrometric Charts.- Other Psychrometric Properties.- Psychrometric Processes.- Ideal Evaporative Cooling.- Ordinary Evaporative Cooling.- Saturating Efficiency.- Evaporative Cooling Process in Rooms.- Washed-Air Discharge Outdoors.- Indoor Relative Humidity.- Review Questions.- IV. Comfort Aspects of Air Conditioning.- The Organic Thermodynamics of Comfort.- Heat Dissipated by People.- The Body's Means of Heat Dissipation.- Bodily Governing Factors.- Organic Temperature Controls and Limits.- Architectural and Psychological Factors.- The Effect of Building Size and Mass upon Indoor Comfort.- Effective Temperatures and Comfort Zones.- Comfort Charts, Limited Pertinence.- Comfort Chart Adaption to Other Conditions.- An Evaporative Cooling Comfort Zone.- A Proposed Evaporative Cooling Comfort Chart.- Nomograph for Rapid Calculating of Evaporative Cooling Results.- Recommended Summer Indoor Conditions.- Adjustment for Radiant Heat.- Permissible Relative Humidities.- Permissible Air Motion with Evaporative Cooling.- Fresh Air Requirements.- Air Cleaning.- Review Questions.- V. Geographic Range and Evaporative Cooling.- Other Factors Than Humidity.- Traditional Design Temperatures.- Coincident Dry- and Wet-Bulb Temperatures.- Use of Diurnal Temperature Swings.- U.S. Evaporative Cooling Coincident Design Temperatures.- Selected Canadian Cooling Coincident Design Temperatures.- Climatic Considerations and the Need for Cooling.- International Comparative Weather Data.- International Direct Evaporative Cooling Applicability.- Achieving Comfort, Process Path Vectors.- Wet-Bulb Temperatures that Permit Vectors to Achieve Comfort Zones.- Indirect Coolers and Geographic Range.- Review Questions.- VI. Drip-Type Direct Evaporative Coolers.- Cabinet Design.- Fans and Motors.- Motor Ratings.- Pad-Holders.- Pad Materials.- Water Distribution Systems.- Recirculating Pumps.- Pad Thickness and Density.- Air Velocity in Pads.- Water Flow in Pads.- Review Questions.- VII. Drip Cooler Progress.- Pad Sagging.- Pad Clogging.- Pad Scaling.- Bleed-Off and Blow-Down.- Chemical Water Treatment.- Pad Deterioration.- Odor Problems.- Corrosion Resistance.- Galvanized Steel Coolers.- Stainless Steel Coolers.- Pressure Molded Plastic Coolers.- Another Molded Plastic Cooler.- Fiber Glass Coolers.- Composite Australian Coolers.- Exaggerated U.S. Performance Data.- Controls, Idealized Drip Cooler Controls.- Solar Connections.- Solar Drip Coolers.- Solar Tax Credits.- Review Questions.- VIII. Other Small Evaporative Coolers.- Portable Drip Coolers.- Spot Coolers.- Exhaust-Type Window-Pad Coolers.- The New Roller Pad Coolers.- Automobile Evaporative Coolers.- Modern Vehicular Coolers.- The Fog Chamber Coolers.- A New Small Rotary Drum Cooler.- Outdoor Fog-Type Cooling.- Small Rigid-Media Coolers.- Solar-Powered Small Coolers.- The Future.- Review Questions.- IX. Commercial Direct Evaporative Coolers.- Slinger-Type Coolers.- Adaptability.- The Saturation Pads or Filters, Pad Wetting Devices and Problems.- Pump-and-Nozzle Pad Spraying.- Air-Cleaning Effect.- The Proper Name for Such Coolers.- Cooling Effect, Cooler Construction and Materials.- Advantages and Disadvantages.- Rotary Pad Evaporative Coolers.- The Rotors, Antiscaling and Anticlogging Features.- Rotary Cooler Advantages and Disadvantages.- Rotary Drum Coolers.- Review Questions.- X. Combined Evaporative Cooling Systems.- Add-On Systems.- Duct Size Problems.- Add-On System Changeover.- Piggy-Back Units.- A Residential Unit.- Make-up Air Units.- A Heat Recirculation Method.- The Future.- Review Questions.- XI. Air-Washer Evaporative Coolers.- Commercial Air Washers.- Construction.- Heating-Cooling Coils.- Airflow.- Spray Arrangements.- Nozzles.- Other Aspects.- New Developments.- Cooling Performance.- Advantages and Disadvantages.- Cell-Type Air Washers.- Construction, Capillary Cells.- Wetting Devices.- Air Cleaning Effect.- Evaporative Cooling Performance.- Trends.- Review Questions.- XII. The Rigid-Media Coolers.- The New Materials.- Rigid-Media Performance.- Large Rigid-Media Coolers.- Large Cooler Uses.- Exhaust-Type Coolers.- Small Rigid-Media Coolers.- Add-On Pads.- Vertical Counter-Flow Coolers.- Review Questions.- XIII. Industrial Plant Cooling.- Industrial Trends.- True Costs of Industrial Cooling.- The Cooling Opportunity.- Refrigerative Factory Cooling.- Ventilative Cooling.- Circulating Fans.- Evaporative Cooling versus Ventilative Cooling.- Industrial Evaporative Cooling.- Space or Room or Area Cooling.- Central Station Systems.- Spot or Person Cooling.- Spot Cooling Outlets.- Spot Cooling Accessories.- a Special Case.- Rules for Industrial Evaporative Cooling.- Cooling Load Control.- Cooling System Design.- Space-Cooling Comfort.- Spot-Cooling Comfort.- Combined Systems.- The Future.- Review Questions.- XVI. Textile Mill Evaporative Cooling.- History.- Materials and Processes.- Primary Mill Humidification Systems.- Direct Humidification.- Wet Ducts.- Indirect Humidification.- Atomizing Power Consumption.- Conversion to Evaporative Cooling.- Wet Duct Cooling.- Dry Duct Cooling.- New Looms.- The New Textiles.- Central Station Evaporative Cooling.- Cooling Performance.- Typical Mill Cooling Problems.- Heating.- Finishing Mills.- Localized Exhausting.- Makeup Air Supply.- Finishing Mill Evaporative Cooling.- Heating Finishing Mills.- The Future in Textile Mills.- Indirect Cooling.- Review Questions.- XV. Animal and Poultry Cooling.- Cooling Animals.- Swine Cooling.- Swine Cooling Systems.- Controls.- Outdoor Swine Cooling.- Cattle Cooling.- Economic Results.- Cow Barns, etc..- Poultry Cooling.- Cooling Needs.- General Results.- a Drip-Cooler Experiment.- Exhaust Fan.- a Slot Experiment.- Economic Results.- Current Drip-Cooler Use.- Alternative Systems.- Special Animal Houses.- Systematic Ventilating and Heating.- Pure Ventilating Systems.- Evaporative Cooling Special Animal Houses.- Other Animals.- Review Questions.- XVI. Greenhouse and Produce Cooling.- Tomatoes.- Other Food Plants.- Specific Benefits.- Flower Raising.- Greenhouse Cooling Systems.- Wall Panel and Fan Systems.- Wall Pads.- Temperature Effects.- Heating and Ventilation.- Controls.- Food Storage arid Processing.- Potatoes.- Citrus Fruits.- Other Products.- Review Questions.- XVII. Direct Cooler Rating and Sizing.- Performance Measurement.- Proposed Evaporative Cooler Rating Units.- Cooling Performance by Weighing.- Sensible Heat Regain.- Conventional Calculations.- Rating Units Adjusted for Weather.- Economy and Power Consumption.- EERs and SEERs and Direct Evaporative EERs.- Air-Cooling or Machine EERs and Evaporative Cooling Units.- Direct Cooler Ratings.- Comparison of Coolers.- Useful Cooling and Comfort.- Useful Cooling Chart.- Comfort Conditions.- Washed Air Entry to Rooms.- Special Uses.- A Sample Calculation.- Rough Cooler Sizing.- Better Cooler Sizing.- Proposed Best Cooler Sizing Method.- Washed-Air Temperature Gains Indoors.- Related Cooler Sizing.- Duct Use and Sizing.- Power Consumption Estimates.- Illustrative Sizing Problem.- Review Questions.- XVIII. Direct Evaporative Cooler Installation.- Cooler Location.- House Coolers.- Commercial Buildings.- Duct Design.- Connection to Heating Systems.- Washed Air Distribution Aims.- Ceiling Outlets.- Wall Outlets.- Hall Plenum Systems.- Basement Plenum Systems.- Low Outside Wall Diffusers.- Direct Evaporative Radiant Cooling Systems.- Window Mountings.- Effect of Washed Air Distribution on Cooler Sizing.- Washed Air Indoor Travel.- Washed Air Discharge Outdoors.- The Up-Duct Opportunity.- Building Insulation.- Insolation.- Controls.- Review Questions.- XIX. Precoolers for Refrigeration Condensers.- Compressor Efficiency Gains.- Condenser Air Precoolers.- Commercial Refrigeration Precoolers.- Precoolers for AirConditioning Condensers.- Available Precoolers and Energy Savings.- Very Small Condensers.- Solar-Powered Precoolers.- Review Questions.- XX. Indirect Evaporative Cooling Systems.- History.- Simple Dry-Surface Tower-and-Coil Systems.- Related Problems.- Closed-System Cooling Towers.- Regenerative Dry-Surface Systems.- The Gafford System.- Plate-Type Heat-Exchanger Systems.- The Pennington Heat-Storage-Wheel System.- Tubular Indirect Cooling Systems.- Two-Stage Indirect Cooling.- Advantages of Staging.- Direct Evaporative Second Stages.- The Kennedy Two-Stage Cooler.- Indirect Radiant Cooling.- Review Questions.- XXI. Modern Plate-Type Indirect Cooling.- Terminology.- Staging and Climatic Adaption.- The Author's Research.- Plate-Type Background.- A Modern Plate-Type Cooler.- Another Plate-Type Cooler.- Australian Plate-Type Coolers.- The Dimpled Surfaces.- Performance.- The Pescod Coolers.- Their Design and Performance.- A New Plate-Type Cooler.- Its Plates.- Analysis and Performance.- Solar Powering.- Scale Prevention.- Review Questions.- XXII. Other Modern Indirect Cooling.- Simple Tower-and-Coil Systems.- Open Loop Indirect Systems.- Cooling Tower Stored Cooling Systems.- Tubular Indirect Coolers.- Multi-Stage Performance.- Another Tubular Indirect Cooler.- a Vertical-Tube Cooler.- Applications and Performance.- Precooling Performance.- Savings Staged with Refrigeration.- Thermal Storage Wheel Coolers.- Heat Exchange Wheels.- Leakage Problems.- Wheel-Type Indirect Cooling.- Winter Heat-Recovery Service.- Review Questions.- XXIII. Experimental Indirect Cooling.- Rock-Bed Indirect Cooling.- Bed Sizing.- Cooling the Rock Beds.- Charging Times.- Cooling the Rooms.- A Two-Stage System.- Evaluation.- A Semicontinuous System.- An Australian Precedent.- Passive Indirect Cooling.- The Cool-Pool System.- The Water Columns.- Water Circulation.- Performance.- Evaluation.- Desiccant Indirect Cooling.- Desiccants.- Open and Closed Cycles.- Desiccant Wheels.- Use in Evaporative Cooling.- The Drying Process.- Regeneration.- Cooling the Hot.- Dry Air.- The Principal Cooling Cycles.- The Solar Connection.- Performance.- The Future.- On the Market.- Review Questions.- XXIV. The Economics of Evaporative Cooling.- Power Cost Trends.- EER Efficiency Ratings.- The Gordian Report.- Reported Power Savings over Refrigeration.- Owning and Life-Cycle Costs.- The Economy of Other Direct Coolers.- The Cost Comparison Problem.- A Route for Comparisons.- Demonstration.- Sample Calculation for Direct Cooling.- Sample Calculation for Indirect-Direct Cooling.- The Economy of Indirect Evaporative Cooling Systems.- The General Case.- Summer Peak Load Savings.- Summary.- Review Questions.- ASHRAE SI (Metric) Psychrometric Chart.- ASHRAE SI (Metric) Conversion Table.- Report that Evaporative Cooling Does Not Carry Legionnaires' Disease.- Dedications and Credits.- Product Directory.- Vitas..

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