Overview

Examines in a pedagogical way all pertinent molecular and macroscopic processes that govern the distribution and fate of organic chemicals in the environment and provides simple modeling tools to quantitatively describe these processes and their interplay in a given environmental system Treats fundamental aspects of chemistry, physics, and mathematical modeling as applied to environmentally relevant problems, and gives a state of the art account of the field Teaches the reader how to relate the structure of a given chemical to its physical chemical properties and intrinsic reactivities Provides a holistic and teachable treatment of phase partitioning and transformation processes, as well as a more focused and tailor-made presentation of physical, mathematical, and modeling aspects that apply to environmental situations of concern Includes a large number of questions and problems allowing teachers to explore the depth of understanding of their students or allowing individuals who use the book for self-study to check their progress  Provides a companion website, which includes solutions for all problems as well as a large compilation of physical constants and compound properties

Full Product Details

Author:   Rene P. Schwarzenbach (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland, and Swiss Federal Institute for Water Resources and Water Pollution Control (EAWAG), Dübendorf, Switzerland) ,  Philip M. Gschwend (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge) ,  Dieter M. Imboden (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland, and Swiss Federal Institute for Water Resources and Water Pollution Control (EAWAG), Dübendorf, Switzerland)
Publisher:   John Wiley & Sons Inc
Imprint:   John Wiley & Sons Inc
Edition:   3rd edition
Dimensions:   Width: 21.30cm , Height: 4.10cm , Length: 27.70cm
Weight:   2.019kg
ISBN:  

9781118767238

ISBN 10:   1118767233
Pages:   1024
Publication Date:   20 December 2016
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Out of stock  
The supplier is temporarily out of stock of this item. It will be ordered for you on backorder and shipped when it becomes available.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii About the Companion Website xvii 1 General Topic and Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Assessing Organic Chemicals in the Environment 4 1.3 What is This Book All About? 7 1.4 Bibliography 14 Part I Background Knowledge 17 2 Background Knowledge on Organic Chemicals 19 2.1 The Makeup of Organic Compounds 20 2.2 Intermolecular Forces Between Uncharged Molecules 37 2.3 Questions and Problems 40 2.4 Bibliography 43 3 The Amazing World of Anthropogenic Organic Chemicals 45 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 A Lasting Global Problem: Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 47 3.3 Natural but Nevertheless Problematic: Petroleum Hydrocarbons 48 3.4 Notorious Air and Groundwater Pollutants: Organic Solvents 53 3.5 Safety First: Flame Retardants All Around Us 56 3.6 How to Make Materials “Repellent”: Polyfluorinated Chemicals (PFCs) 58 3.7 From Washing Machines to Surface Waters: Complexing Agents, Surfactants, Whitening Agents, and Corrosion Inhibitors 60 3.8 Health, Well-Being, and Water Pollution: Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products 63 3.9 Fighting Pests: Herbicides, Insecticides, and Fungicides 65 3.10 Our Companion Compounds: Representative Model Chemicals 69 3.11 Questions 72 3.12 Bibliography 73 4 Background Thermodynamics, Equilibrium Partitioning and Acidity Constants 81 4.1 Important Thermodynamic Functions 83 4.2 Using Thermodynamic Functions to Quantify Equilibrium Partitioning 89 4.3 Organic Acids and Bases I: Acidity Constant and Speciation in Natural Waters 98 4.4 Organic Acids and Bases II: Chemical Structure and Acidity Constant 107 4.5 Questions and Problems 116 4.6 Bibliography 119 5 Earth Systems and ComPartments 121 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 The Atmosphere 125 5.3 Surface Waters and Sediments 131 5.4 Soil and Groundwater 148 5.5 Biota 154 5.6 Questions 155 5.7 Bibliography 158 6 Environmental Systems: Physical Processes and Mathematical Modeling 165 6.1 Systems and Models 167 6.2 Box Models: A Concept for a Simple World 174 6.3 When Space Matters: Transport Processes 191 6.4 Models in Space and Time 196 6.5 Questions and Problems 203 6.6 Bibliography 211 Part II Equilibrium Partitioning in Well-Defined Systems 213 7 Partitioning Between Bulk Phases: General Aspects and Modeling Approaches 215 7.1 Introduction 216 7.2 Molecular Interactions Governing Bulk Phase Partitioning of Organic Chemicals 217 7.3 Quantitative Approaches to Estimate Bulk Phase Partition Constants/Coefficients: Linear Free Energy Relationships (LFERs) 225 7.4 Questions 232 7.5 Bibliography 234 8 Vapor Pressure (pi∗) 237 8.1 Introduction and Theoretical Background 238 8.2 Molecular Interactions Governing Vapor Pressure and Vapor Pressure Estimation Methods 246 8.3 Questions and Problems 253 8.4 Bibliography 257 9 Solubility (Csatiw ) and Activity Coefficient (𝜸satiw ) in Water; Air–Water Partition Constant (Kiaw) 259 9.1 Introduction and Thermodynamic Considerations 261 9.2 Molecular Interactions Governing the Aqueous Activity Coefficient and the Air–Water Partition Constant 267 9.3 LFERs for Estimating Air–Water Partition Constants and Aqueous Activity Coefficients/Aqueous Solubilities 270 9.4 Effect of Temperature, Dissolved Salts, and pH on the Aqueous Activity Coefficient/Aqueous Solubility and on the Air–Water Partition Constant 272 9.5 Questions and Problems 282 9.6 Bibliography 285 10 Organic Liquid–Air and Organic Liquid–Water Partitioning 289 10.1 Introduction 291 10.2 Thermodynamic Considerations and Comparisons of Different Organic Solvents 291 10.3 The Octanol–Water System: The Atom/Fragment Contribution Method for Estimation of the Octanol–Water Partition Constant 298 10.4 Partitioning Involving Organic Solvent–Water Mixtures 301 10.5 Evaporation and Dissolution of Organic Compounds from Organic Liquid Mixtures–Equilibrium Considerations 307 10.6 Questions and Problems 311 10.7 Bibliography 317 11 Partitioning of Nonionic Organic Compounds Between Well-Defined Surfaces and Air or Water 321 11.1 Introduction 322 11.2 Adsorption from Air to Well-Defined Surfaces 322 11.3 Adsorption from Water to Inorganic Surfaces 335 11.4 Questions and Problems 342 11.5 Bibliography 345 Part III Equilibrium Partitioning in Environmental Systems 349 12 General Introduction to Sorption Processes 351 12.1 Introduction 352 12.2 Sorption Isotherms and the Solid–Water Equilibrium Distribution Coefficient (Kid) 354 12.3 Speciation (Sorbed versus Dissolved or Gaseous), Retardation, and Sedimentation 360 12.4 Questions and Problems 366 12.5 Bibliography 368 13 Sorption from Water to Natural Organic Matter (NOM) 369 13.1 The Structural Diversity of Natural Organic Matter Present in Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments 371 13.2 Quantifying Natural Organic Matter–Water Partitioning of Neutral Organic Compounds 376 13.3 Sorption of Organic Acids and Bases to Natural Organic Matter 388 13.4 Questions and Problems 392 13.5 Bibliography 397 14 Sorption of Ionic Organic Compounds to Charged Surfaces 405 14.1 Introduction 407 14.2 Cation and Anion Exchange Capacities of Solids in Water 408 14.3 Ion Exchange: Nonspecific Adsorption of Ionized Organic Chemicals from Aqueous Solutions to Charged Surfaces 414 14.4 Surface Complexation: Specific Bonding of Organic Compounds with Solid Phases in Water 426 14.5 Questions and Problems 432 14.6 Bibliography 436 15 Aerosol–Air Partitioning: Dry andWet Deposition of Organic Pollutants 441 15.1 Origins and Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols 442 15.2 Assessing Aerosol–Air Partition Coefficients (KiPMa) 445 15.3 Dry and Wet Deposition 453 15.4 Questions and Problems 459 15.5 Bibliography 464 16 Equilibrium Partitioning From Water and Air to Biota 469 16.1 Introduction 471 16.2 Predicting Biota–Water and Biota–Air Equilibrium Partitioning 471 16.3 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification in Aquatic Systems 485 16.4 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification in Terrestrial Systems 498 16.5 Baseline Toxicity (Narcosis) 503 16.6 Questions and Problems 507 16.7 Bibliography 514 Part IV Mass Transfer Processes in Environmental Systems 523 17 Random Motion, Molecular and Turbulent Diffusivity 525 17.1 Random Motion 526 17.2 Molecular Diffusion 534 17.3 Other Random Transport Processes in the Environment 545 17.4 Questions and Problems 550 17.5 Bibliography 557 18 Transport at Boundaries 559 18.1 The Role of Boundaries in the Environment 560 18.2 Bottleneck Boundaries 562 18.3 Wall Boundaries 567 18.4 Hybrid Boundaries 572 18.5 Questions and Problems 577 18.6 Bibliography 580 19 Air–Water Exchange 581 19.1 The Air–Water Interface 583 19.2 Air–Water Exchange Models 585 19.3 Measurement of Air–Water Exchange Velocities 592 19.4 Air–Water Exchange in Flowing Waters 599 19.5 Questions and Problems 604 19.6 Bibliography 613 20 Interfaces Involving Solids 617 20.1 The Sediment–Water Interface 618 20.2 Transport in Unsaturated Soil 626 20.3 Questions and Problems 630 20.4 Bibliography 634 Part V Transformation Processes 635 21 Background Knowledge on Transformation Reactions of Organic Pollutants 637 21.1 Identifying Reactive Sites Within Organic Molecules 638 21.2 Thermodynamics of Transformation Reactions 643 21.3 Kinetics of Transformation Reactions 650 21.4 Questions and Problems 657 21.5 Bibliography 661 22 Hydrolysis And ReactionsWith Other Nucleophiles 663 22.1 Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions Involving Primarily Saturated Carbon Atoms 665 22.2 Hydrolytic Reactions of Carboxylic and Carbonic Acid Derivatives 680 22.3 Enzyme-Catalyzed Hydrolysis Reactions: Hydrolases 695 22.4 Questions and Problems 701 22.5 Bibliography 710 23 Redox Reactions 715 23.1 Introduction 716 23.2 Evaluating the Thermodynamics of Redox Reactions 719 23.3 Examples of Chemical Redox Reactions in Natural Systems 730 23.4 Examples of Enzyme-Catalyzed Redox Reactions 747 23.5 Questions and Problems 756 23.6 Bibliography 765 24 Direct Photolysis in Aquatic Systems 773 24.1 Introduction 775 24.2 Some Basic Principles of Photochemistry 776 24.3 Light Absorption by Organic Compounds in Natural Waters 788 24.4 Quantum Yield and Rate of Direct Photolysis 800 24.5 Effects of Solid Sorbents (Particles, Soil Surfaces, Ice) on Direct Photolysis 803 24.6 Questions and Problems 804 24.7 Bibliography 811 25 Indirect Photolysis: Reactions with Photooxidants in Natural Waters and in the Atmosphere 815 25.1 Introduction 816 25.2 Indirect Photolysis in Surface Waters 817 25.3 Indirect Photolysis in the Atmosphere (Troposphere): Reaction with Hydroxyl Radical (HO∙) 829 25.4 Questions and Problems 833 25.5 Bibliography 838 26 Biotransformations 845 26.1 Introduction 847 26.2 Some Important Concepts about Microorganisms Relevant to Biotransformations 848 26.3 Initial Biotransformation Strategies 858 26.4 Rates of Biotransformations 864 26.5 Questions and Problems 882 26.6 Bibliography 889 27 Assessing Transformation Processes Using Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) 897 27.1 Introduction, Methodology, and Theoretical Background 898 27.2 Using CSIA for Assessing Organic Compound Transformations in Laboratory and Field Systems 914 27.3 Questions and Problems 930 27.4 Bibliography 936 Part VI Putting Everything Together 945 28 Exposure Assessment of Organic Pollutants Using Simple Modeling Approaches 947 28.1 One-Box Model: The Universal Tool for Process Integration 948 28.2 Assessing Equilibrium Partitioning in Simple Multimedia Systems 952 28.3 Simple Dynamic Systems 956 28.4 Systems Driven by Advection 960 28.5 Bibliography 974 Appendix 977 Index 995

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René P. Schwarzenbach, PhD, is a Professor em. of Environmental Chemistry at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich, Switzerland. Philip M. Gschwend, PhD, is Full Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Dieter M. Imboden, PhD, is a Professor em. of Environmental Physics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich, Switzerland.

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