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This dissertation, Efficacy of Combined Influenza and 23-valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccines in Chronic Smokers by Tsz-wai, Li, 李梓維, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: BackgroundChronic smokers are at risk of premature death associated with underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular diseases. Dual influenza and pneumococcal vaccination has been shown to prevent death and hospitalization secondary to pulmonary or cardiovascular diseases in elderly persons. Its effect in chronic smokers remained unknown. MethodsThis is a prospective randomized open-labeled trial conducted from April 2010 to March 2013, comprising adult patients aged less than 50 years who were chronic smokers. Subjects were randomly assigned into 4 groups. Group 1 (study group) patients received both trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) and the 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (PPV). There were 3 control groups: Group 2 patients received the TIV only. Group 3 patients received the PPV only and Group 4 patients did not receive any vaccines. The TIV used was the Vaxigrip(R) (Sanofi Pasteur, France) and the PPV used was the Pneumovax(R)23 (Merck, USA). All enrolled patients were follow-up for 24 months post vaccination. Patient details, Charlson comorbidity index, medications, subsequent hospitalization, diagnosis and mortality were recorded and analyzed. ResultsA total of 1006 subjects were enrolled and completed the study (Group PPV+TIV: 250; Group TIV: 254, Group PPV: 250 and Group None: 259). The baseline demographics and Charlson comorbidity index were similar among subjects in the 4 groups. The median age was 48 years and 85.9% were male patients. Significantly fewer subjects who received the dual vaccination (Group PPV+TIV) were hospitalized (pConclusionDual influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations prevented chronic smokers against hospitalization secondary to pulmonary or cardiovascular causes. Annual influenza and a single pneumococcal vaccination should be promoted among chronic smokers. DOI: 10.5353/th_b5293004 Subjects: Influenza vaccinesPneumococcal vaccineCigarette smokers - Health and hygiene

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