Overview

As the climate changes in the western United States, streams are warming, low flows in summer are declining, and winter floods are occurring more often in places where snowmelt is the main source of water (Stewart and others 2005; Hamlet and Lettenmaier 2007; Luce and Holden 2009; Isaak and others 2010). Some of the changes have been subtle, others more noticeable, and they are expected to shift distributions of fishes (Rieman and others 2007; Wenger and others 2011a; Wenger and others 2011b). At the same time, the terrestrial ecosystems surrounding the mountain streams of the West are changing in response to the same climatic signals. Drier years and drier summers have often led to more large fires, many of which are more severe (Dillon and others 2011). Further, fire regimes are shifting, with fires becoming more frequent in some places and less frequent in others, and potential conversion of forests to shrubs in some places (Pierce and others 2004; Breshears and others 2005; Westerling and others 2006; Morgan and others 2008; Westerling and others 2011).

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9781515014102

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