Overview

This is a concise assessment of the risks to human health and the environment posed by exposure to chloral hydrate, a chemical used in human and veterinary medicine as a sedative and hypnotic drug. Chloral hydrate and its metabolites are also formed as by-products when water is disinfected by chlorine. Release to the environment occurs from waste water treatment facilities, from the manufacture of pharmaceutical-grade chloral hydrate, and from waste stream during the manufacture of insecticides and herbicides that use chloral hydrate as an intermediate. For the general public, the most important source of exposure is from treated drinking water. When used as a pharmaceutical agent in humans, the chemical often causes gastric distress, nausea and vomiting at the recommended clinical dose. While persons surviving near-lethal acute overdoses show some signs of hepatic injury, no convincing evidence indicates that hepatic injury results from intake at the recommended dose.

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