Overview

Isoleucine is an essential, aliphatic, branched chain amino acid (BCAA) that serves a variety of physiological functions in the human body. Isoleucine is known to have a hypoglycaemic effect in humans and has been shown to inhibit the degeneration of muscle tissue by depressing hepatic gluconeogenesis. It is one of the main sources of nitrogen for alanine and glutamine synthesis in muscles. Increased mucin production and amino acid transportation are promoted by isoleucine. The brain function is affected by the transport of large neutral amino acids across the blood-brain barrier. Isoleucine is a potential marker for major depression in human subjects. The biomarker of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance can be found in Isoleucine. There are other diseases that can be used as bio-markers, such as Maple Syrup Urine Disease. Furthermore, evidence shows that food can act on intestinal receptors in a specific way. There is a possibility that the activated receptors are involved in the regulation of food intake. Plants have been linked intricately with isoleucine. Isoleucine deficiency is known to cause root development impairment in Arabidopsis. Herbicides that block the bio-synthesis pathway of BCAAs, like isoleucine, have been used for weed control for a long time. Oxidation of isoleucine is used to generate energy in plants. Additionally, Isoleucine plays an important role in plant defence and stress response by forming a bio-active signalling conjugate with jasmonic acid. As an ingredient of feeds for pig, fish and broilers, isoleucine has a significant commercial importance. More recently, isoleucine has gained popularity as a nutritional supplement for muscle growth. In response to its increased demand and usages, the annual production of isoleucine has steadily increased from less than 400 tonnes in 1999 to more than 2000 tonnes today. The production of isoleucine and cysteine at commercial scale is necessary for the hour. The microbial industrial production of these amino acids primarily relies on E. coli and C. glutamicum mutants that overproduce these amino acids, avoiding the formation of by-products in the fermentation process. The identification of bacterial strains with high-yield and limited by-product formation has been achieved using both rational engineering and random mutagenesis followed by screening. Industrial biotechnology continues to focus on enhancing microbial production of these target amino acids. Through metabolic engineering, high yield bacterial strains can be developed. A metabolic engineering approach to producing elite bacterial strains requires knowledge of the metabolite in the network For understanding the metabolic flux, again, a highly sensitive and non-invasive tool is a prerequisite. This tool should be used to monitor these amino acids in living cells in real-time. Methods such as spectrophotometric assay, high-performance liquid chromatography, radioisotopes. Nevertheless, these techniques are highly invasive and have poor cellular resolution. The single cells sap technique can only give a picture of how metabolites change in cells.

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