Overview

Deals with all aspects of adaptive resemblance Full colour Covers everything from classic examples of Batesian, Mullerian, aggressive and sexual mimicries through to human behavioural and microbial molecular deceptions Highlights areas where additonal work or specific exeprimentation could be fruitful Includes, animals, plants, micro-organisms and humans

Full Product Details

Author:   Donald L. J. Quicke
Publisher:   John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Imprint:   Wiley-Blackwell
Dimensions:   Width: 20.80cm , Height: 2.80cm , Length: 25.40cm
Weight:   1.406kg
ISBN:  

9781118931530

ISBN 10:   111893153
Pages:   576
Publication Date:   06 October 2017
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Out of stock  
The supplier is temporarily out of stock of this item. It will be ordered for you on backorder and shipped when it becomes available.

Table of Contents

Preface, xiii A comment on statistics, xv A comment on scientific names, xvi Acknowledgements, xvii 1 INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MIMICRY SYSTEMS, 1 A brief history, 2 On definitions of ‘mimicry’ and adaptive resemblance, 3 The concept of ‘adaptive resemblance’, 8 The classification of mimicry systems, 9 Wickler’s system, 9 Vane‐Wright’s system, 10 Georges Pasteur (1930–2015), 11 Other approaches, 13 Endler, 13 Zabka & Tembrock, 13 Maran, 14 Mimicry as demonstration of evolution, 14 2 CAMOUFLAGE: CRYPSIS AND DISRUPTIVE COLOURATION IN ANIMALS, 19 Introduction, 20 Distinguishing crypsis from masquerade, 20 Crypsis examples, 24 Countershading, 24 Experimental tests of concealment by countershading, 27 Bioluminescent counter‐illumination, 28 Background matching, 29 Visual sensitivity of predators, 30 To make a perfect match or compromise, 31 Colour polymorphism, 32 Seasonal colour polymorphism, 32 Butterfly pupal colour polymorphism, 32 Winter pelage: pelts and plumage, 35 Melanism, 37 Industrial melanism, 37 Fire melanism, 40 Background selection, 41 Orientation and positioning, 43 Transparency, 45 Reflectance and silvering, 47 Adaptive colour change, 49 Caterpillars and food plant colouration, 50 Daily and medium‐paced changes, 54 Rapid colour change, 56 Chameleons, 56 Cephalopod chromatophores and dermal papillae, 57 Bird eggs and their backgrounds, 58 Disguising your eyes, 61 Disruptive and distractive markings, 61 Edge‐intercepting patches, 61 Distractive markings, 63 Zebra stripes and tsetse flies, 66 Stripes and motion dazzle – more zebras, kraits and tigers, 69 Computer graphics experiments with human subjects, 69 Observations on real animals, 69 Comparative analysis, 71 Dual signals, 72 Protective crypsis in non‐visual modalities, 73 Apostatic and antiapostatic selection, 73 Search images, 74 Experimental tests of search image, 76 Gestalt perception, 76 Effect of cryptic prey variability, 77 Reflexive selection and aspect diversity, 77 Searching for cryptic prey – mathematical models, 80 Ontogenetic changes and crypsis, 81 Hiding the evidence, 82 Petiole clipping by caterpillars, 82 Exogenous crypsis, 82 Military camouflage and masquerade, 85 3 CAMOUFLAGE: MASQUERADE, 87 Introduction, 88 Classic examples, 88 Twigs as models, 88 Leaves (alive or dead) as models, 88 Bird dropping resemblances, 89 Spider web stabilimenta, 93 Tubeworms, etc., 94 Experimental tests of survival value of masquerade, 94 Ontogenetic changes and masquerade, 97 Thanatosis (death feigning), 97 Feign or flee? The trade‐offs of thanatosis, 100 Other aspects of death mimicry, 100 Seedless seeds and seedless fruit, 100 4 APOSEMATISM AND ITS EVOLUTION, 103 Introduction, 104 Initial evolution of aposematism, 108 Associations of unpalatable experience with place, 109 Mathematical models and ideas of warning colouration evolution, 112 Kin selection models, 112 Green beard selection, 112 Family selection models, 113 Individual selection models, 113 Spatial models and metapopulations, 116 Handicap and signal honesty, 117 Early warnings – reflex bleeding, vomiting and other noxious secretions, 120 Longevity of aposematic protected taxa, 121 Macroevolutionary consequences, 121 Experimental studies, 121 Tough aposematic prey and individual selection, 121 Pyrazine and other early warnings, 123 Learning and memorability, 124 Strength of obnoxiousness, 126 Is the nature of the protective compound important?, 126 Neophobia and the role of novelty, 127 Innate responses of predators, 130 Aposematism and gregariousness, 132 Phylogenetic analysis of aposematism and gregariousness, 134 Behaviour of protected aposematic animals, 135 Of birds and butterflies, 135 Evolution of sluggishness, 139 Origins of protective compounds, 140 Plant‐derived toxins, 140 Cardiac glycosides, 141 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 144 De novo synthesis of protective compounds, 145 Obtaining toxins from animal sources, 147 Costs of chemical defence, 149 Aposematism with non‐chemical defence, 150 Escape speed and low profitability, 150 Parasitoids and aposematic insects, 152 Diversity of aposematic forms, 152 Egg load assessment, 154 Proof of aposematism, 154 Bioluminescence as a warning signal, 155 Warning sounds, 155 Warning colouration in mammals, 157 Weapon advertisement, 158 Mutualistic aposematism, 160 Aposematism induced by a parasite, 161 Aposematic commensalism, 161 Polymorphism and geographic variation in aposematic species, 161 Aposematism in plants, 163 Synergistic selection of unpalatability in plants, 165 Aposematism in fungi, 166 Why are some unpalatable organisms aposematic and others not?, 167 5 ANTI‐PREDATOR MIMICRY. I. MATHEMATICAL MODELS, 171 Introduction, 172 Properties of models, rewards, learning rates and numerical relationships, 172 Simple models and their limitations, 173 Muller’s original model, 173 Simple models of Batesian and Mullerian mimicry, 173 Are Batesian and Mullerian mimicry different?, 174 An information theory model, 176 Monte‐Carlo simulations, 177 More refined models – time, learning, forgetting and sampling, 180 Importance of alternative prey, 181 Signal detection theory, 181 Genetic and evolutionary models, 182 Coevolutionary chases, 185 Models involving population dynamics, 185 Neural networks and evolution of Batesian mimicry, 188 Automimicry in Batesian/Mullerian mimicry, 188 Predator’s dilemma with potentially harmful prey, 190 6 ANTI‐PREDATOR MIMICRY. II. EXPERIMENTAL TESTS, 191 Introduction, 192 Experimental tests of mimetic advantage, 192 How similar do mimics need to be?, 194 Is a two‐step process necessary?, 198 Relative abundances of models and mimics in nature, 198 Sex‐limited mimicries and mimetic load, 198 Mimetic load, 203 Apostatic selection and Batesian mimicry, 204 Mullerian mimicry and unequal defence, 204 Imperfect (satyric) mimicry, 206 7 ANTI‐PREDATOR MIMICRY. III. BATESIAN AND MULLERIAN EXAMPLES, 213 Introduction, 214 Types of model, 214 Mimicry of slow flight in butterflies, 214 The Batesian/Mullerian spectrum, 215 Famous butterflies: ecology, genetics and supergenes, 216 Heliconius, 216 Hybrid zones, 217 Wing pattern genetics, 219 Modelling polymorphism, 220 Danaus and Hypolimnas, 220 Papilio dardanus, 221 Papilio glaucus, 223 Papilio memnon, 223 Supergenes and their origins, 223 Mimicry between caterpillars, 224 Some specific types of model among insects, 225 Wasp (and bee) mimicry, 225 How to look like a wasp, 228 Time of appearance of aculeate mimics, 228 Pseudostings and pseudostinging behaviour, 230 Wasmannian (or ant) mimicry, 231 Ant mimicry as defence against predation, 231 Ant mimicry by spiders, 234 Spiders that feed on ants, 236 How to look like an ant or an ant carrying something?, 236 Myrmecomorphy by caterpillars, 237 Ant chemical mimicry by parasitoid wasps, 237 Protective mimicries among vertebrates, 239 Fish, 239 Batesian mimicry among fish, 239 Mullerian mimicry among fish, 239 Batesian and Mullerian mimicry among terrestrial vertebrates, 239 The coral snake problem – Emsleyan (or Mertensian) mimicry, 240 Other snakes, zig‐zag markings and head shape, 244 Mimicry of invertebrates by terrestrial vertebrates, 246 Inaccurate (satyric) mimics, 248 Mimicry of model behaviour, 249 Aide mémoire mimicry, 250 Batesian–Poultonian (predator) mimicry, 251 Mimicry within predator–prey and host–parasite systems, 253 Bluff and appearing larger than you are, 253 Collective mimicry including an aggressive mimicry, 255 Jamming, 255 Man as model – the case of the samurai crab, 258 8 ANTI‐PREDATOR MIMICRY. ATTACK DEFLECTION, SCHOOLING, ETC., 259 Introduction, 260 Attack deflection devices, 260 Eyespots, 260 Experimental tests of importance of eyespot features, 262 Eyespots in butterflies, 266 Wing marginal eyespots, 267 Eyes with sparkles, 267 Eyespots on caterpillars, 269 Importance of eyespot conspicuousness, 269 Eyespots and fish, 269 Not just an eyespot but a whole head, winking and other enhancements, 271 Reverse mimicry, 271 Insects, 271 Reverse mimicry in flight, 275 Reverse mimicry in terrestrial vertebrates, 275 Other deflectors, 277 Injury feigning in nesting birds, 277 Tail‐shedding (urotomy) in lizards and snakes, 277 Flash and startle colouration, 280 Intimidating displays and bizarre mimicries, 283 Schooling, flocking and predator confusion, 284 ‘Social’ mimicry in birds and fish, 286 Alarm call mimicry for protection, 287 9 ANTI‐HERBIVORY DECEPTIONS, 289 Introduction, 290 Crypsis as protection in plants, 290 Leaf mottling and variegation for crypsis, 291 Mistletoes and lianas, 293 Fruit masquerade by leaves, 294 Protective Batesian and Mullerian mimicry in plants, 295 False indicators of damage or likely future damage, 296 Conspicuousness of leafmines, 297 Dark central florets in some Apiaceae, 297 Mimicry of silk or fungal hyphae, 299 Insect egg mimics, 299 Defensive aphid and caterpillar mimicry in plants, 300 Aphid deterrence by alarm pheromone mimicry, 300 Ant mimicry in plants, 301 Of orchids and bees, 301 Carrion mimicry as defence, 302 Algae and corals, 302 Plant galls, 302 Experimental evidence for plant aposematism and Batesian mimetic potential in plants, 302 10 AGGRESSIVE DECEPTIONS, 305 Introduction, 306 Cryptic versus alluring features, 307 Crypsis and masquerade by predators, 307 Stealth, 307 Shadowing, 308 Seasonal polymorphisms in predators, 308 Why seabirds are black and white (and grey), 309 Chemical crypsis by a predatory fish, 309 Alluring mimicries, 310 Flower mimicry, 312 Rain mimicry, 315 Physical lures, 315 Angling fish, 315 Caudal (and tongue) lures in reptiles, 317 Caudal lure in a dragonfly, 318 Death feigning as a lure, 318 Other prey and food mimicry, 319 The case of the German cockroach, 319 Wolves in sheeps’ clothing, 319 Vulture‐like hawks, 319 Cleaner fish and their mimics, 320 Mingling with an innocuous crowd, 322 Duping by mimicry of competitors, 323 Seeming to be conspecific, 324 Getting close, 325 Appearing to be a potential mate, 325 Pheromone lures, 326 Mimicking danger as a flushing device, 328 Human use of aggressive mimicry, 328 Cuckoldry, inquilines and brood parasitism, 329 Cuckoldry in birds, 329 Gentes and ‘cuckoo’ eggs, 332 Cues for egg rejection, 335 Mimicry by chicks – genetic and substantive differences, 338 Cuckoo chick appearance, 338 Begging calls, 339 Cuckoo and host coevolution, 340 Mimicry between adult cuckoos and their hosts, 340 Hawk mimicry by adult cuckoos, 340 Mimicry of harmless birds by adult cuckoos, 342 Brood parasitism and inquilinism in social insects, 342 Cuckoo bees and cuckoo wasps, 342 Kleptoparasites of bees, 346 Myrmecophily, 346 Acquired chemical mimicry in social parasites and inquilines, 346 Brood‐parasitic and slave‐making ants, 348 Chemical mimicry and ant and termite inquilines, 349 A brood‐parasitic aphid, 349 Ants and aphid trophallaxis, 349 Aphidiine parasitoids of ant‐attended aphids, 350 Does aggressive mimicry occur in plants?, 350 11 SEXUAL MIMICRIES IN ANIMALS (INCLUDING HUMANS), 353 Introduction, 354 Mimicking the opposite sex, 354 Female mimicry by males, 354 Avoiding aggression from competing males, 357 Mate guarding through distracting other males, 357 Androchromatism and male mimicry by females, 358 Egg dummies on fish, 360 Food dummies and sex, 362 Mimicry by sperm‐dependent all‐female lineages, 363 Female genital mimicry in a female, 363 Energy‐saving cheating for sex, 364 Behavioural deceptions in higher vertebrates, 364 Polygynous birds, 364 Deceptive use of alarm calls and paternity protection, 365 Female–female mounting behaviour in mammals and birds, 365 Mimicry in humans, 367 Make‐up, clothes and silicone, 367 Cryptic oestrus in humans, 368 Flirting in humans, 368 12 REPRODUCTIVE MIMICRIES IN PLANTS, 371 Introduction, 372 Pollinator deception, 372 Pollinator sex pheromone mimicry, 376 Food deception, 382 Specific floral mimicry, 382 Generalised floral mimicry, 386 Mimicry of a fungus‐infected plant, 388 Brood‐site/oviposition‐site deception, 388 Shelter mimicry, 392 Flower similarity over time, 392 Flower automimicry – intraspecific food deception (bakerian mimicry), 393 Mathematical modelling of sexual deception by plants, 394 Pollinator guild syndromes, 394 Bird‐pollinated systems, 394 13 INTRA‐ AND INTERSPECIFIC COOPERATION, COMPETITION AND HIERARCHIES, 399 Introduction, 400 Remaining looking young, 400 Delayed plumage maturation, 400 Interspecific social dominance mimicry, 401 Bird song and alarm call mimicry – deceptive acquisition of resources, 401 Wicklerian mimicry – mimicry of opposite sex to reduce aggression, 403 Female resemblance in male primates, 403 Social appeasement by female mimicry in an insect, 404 Hyperfemininity in prereproductive adolescent primates, 404 Mimicry of male genitalia by females, 404 The case of the spotted hyaena, 404 Mimicry of male genitalia in other mammals, 404 Phallic mimicry by males, 405 Appetitive (foraging) mimicry, 406 Appetitive mimicry and deceptive use of alarm calls, 406 Beau Geste and seeming to be more than you are, 408 Appearing older than you are, 408 Weapon automimicry, 408 14 ADAPTIVE RESEMBLANCES AND DISPERSAL: SEEDS, SPORES AND EGGS, 409 Introduction, 410 Fruit and seed dispersal by birds, 410 Warningly coloured fruit, 414 Fruit mimicry by seeds, 414 Seed dispersal by humans, arable weeds and Vavilovian mimicry, 414 Seed elaiosomes and their insect mimics, 415 Mimicry by parasites to facilitate host finding, 415 The trematode and the snail, 415 The trematode and the fish, 416 Pocketbook clams and fish, 416 ‘Termite balls’, 417 Pseudoflowers, pseudo‐anthers and pseudo‐pollen, 417 Truffles, 418 Mimicry of dead flesh by fungi and mosses, 419 Deception of dung beetles by fruit, 419 15 MOLECULAR MIMICRY: PARASITES, PATHOGENS AND PLANTS, 421 Introduction, 422 Macro‐animal systems, 422 Anemone fish, 422 Parasitic helminthes, 422 Platyhelminthes (Trematoda), 422 Tapeworms (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda), 423 Parasitic nematodes, 423 Parasitoid wasp eggs, 424 Pathogenic fungi, 424 Protista, 424 Chagas’ disease, 424 Microbial systems, 424 Bacterial chemical mimicry and autoimmune responses, 424 Helicobacter pylori, 425 Campylobacter jejuni, 425 Mimicry by plant‐pathogenic bacteria, 425 Viruses, 425 Plants, 425 Sugar, toxin and satiation mimicry, 425 Phytoecdysteroids – plant chemicals that mimicinsect moulting hormone, 427 Plant oestrogens – phyto‐contraceptives, 427 Extended glossary, 429 References, 445 Author index, 515 General index, 533 Taxonomic index, 539

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Donald L.J. Quicke retired in 2013 to live in Thailand where he is a Visiting Professor at Chulalongkorn University. Hestudied zoology at Oxford University where he became especially interested in mimicry. In 1976 he travelled to Kenya to experience tropical biodiversity and more of the diversity of life and his work there on insect coloration fertilised his interests as well as on parasitoid wasps, another of his many passions. From then on he kept abreast of the increasingly experimental and theoretical developments in the field even though his academic research took him in diverse other directions. Having now retired he has been able devote his time, in addition to bird watching and butterfly photography, to synthesising and extending his interest in this topic. Mimicry, Crypsis, Masquerade and other Adaptive Resemblances is the result of this work.   

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