Overview
Now updated and expanded to cover the latest technologies, this full-color text on clinical refraction uses an easy-to-read format to give optometry students and practitioners all the important information they need. Also covers a wide range of other aspects of the eye exam, including anterior and posterior segment evaluations, contact lens, ocular pharmacology, and visual field analysis. Four new chapters cover wavefront-guided refraction, optical correction with refractive surgeries, prosthetic devices, and patients with ocular pathology. Offer precise, step-by-step how-to's for performing all of the most effective refractive techniques. Presents individualized refractive approaches for the full range of patients, including special patient populations. Contriubtors are internationally recognized, leading authorities in the field. New full-color design with full-color images throughout. Completely updated and expanded to include current technologies. A new chapter on Optical Correction with Refractive Surgeries, including keratoplasty, traditional refractive surgeries (e.g. LASIK and PRK), crystalline lens extraction with and without pseudophakia, the new presbyopic surgery, etc. A new chapter on Wavefront Guided Refraction provides information on the advantages and limitations the Hartmann-Shack Method for objective refraction plus aberrometry and the refraction and the use of in the correction of the eye with spectacles, contact lenses, and refractive surgery. A new chapter on Patients with Ocular Pathology reflects the most current knowledge of patients with ocular pathologies. Provides information on Optical Correction with Prosthetic Devices, including corneal onlays, stromal implants, phakic intraocular lenses, etc. Includes new chapters and/or discussions on such topics as: Aberrations of the Eye, Refractive Consequences of Eye Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Dry Eye, Diagnosis of Pathology of the Anterior Segment, Diagnosis of Glaucoma, and Diagnosis of Pathology of the Posterior Segment. Visual Acuity chapter expanded to include the effect of refractive error on visual acuity and statistics on how much of a change in visual acuity is significant. Objective Refraction, Corneal Topography, and Visual Field Analysis chapters include the addition of new electro-optical and computer techniques and equipment. Chapters on Multifocal Spectacle Lenses and Contact Lenses now cover newer progressive addition lenses and contact lenses that are now on the market. Electrodiagnosis chapter revised to take a more clinical approach.
Full Product Details
Author: William J. Benjamin
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
Imprint: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd
Edition: 2nd Revised edition
Dimensions:
Width: 21.60cm
, Height: 5.80cm
, Length: 27.60cm
Weight: 3.624kg
ISBN: 9780750675246
ISBN 10: 0750675241
Pages: 1712
Publication Date: 21 June 2006
Audience:
College/higher education
,
Tertiary & Higher Education
Format: Hardback
Publisher's Status: Out of Print
Availability: In Print
Limited stock is available. It will be ordered for you and shipped pending supplier's limited stock.
Reviews
BOOK REVIEW<br>William J. Benjamin, Editor, Irvin M. Borish, Consultant;<br>Borish's Clinical Refraction, second edition<br>Butterworth-Heinemann -Elsevier, 2006; hardbound, 1694pp, US$195, ISBN-13: <br>978-0-7506-7524-6<br>Barry Masters<br>Received: 1 April 2008 / Accepted: 2 April 2008<br># Springer-Verlag 2008<br>Visual acuity is taken for granted until it changes, and then<br>it adversely affects our ability to function. It is a supreme<br>tribute to the clinical skills and the plethora of optoelectronic<br>instruments that are available to optometrists and<br>ophthalmologists that they can determine the altered<br>refraction that is required to restore normal visual acuity.<br>Before the era of photorefractive surgery, before the era of<br>contact lenses, there were glasses (that is, two pieces of<br>glass that are polished in such a manner to achieve the<br>required alteration in the light paths by the process of<br>refraction), and they are mounted in a frame to be worn on<br>th
BOOK REVIEW<br>William J. Benjamin, Editor, Irvin M. Borish, Consultant;<br>Borish's Clinical Refraction, second edition<br>Butterworth-Heinemann -Elsevier, 2006; hardbound, 1694pp, US$195, ISBN-13: <br>978-0-7506-7524-6<br>Barry Masters<br>Received: 1 April 2008 / Accepted: 2 April 2008<br># Springer-Verlag 2008<br>Visual acuity is taken for granted until it changes, and then<br>it adversely affects our ability to function. It is a supreme<br>tribute to the clinical skills and the plethora of optoelectronic<br>instruments that are available to optometrists and<br>ophthalmologists that they can determine the altered<br>refraction that is required to restore normal visual acuity.<br>Before the era of photorefractive surgery, before the era of<br>contact lenses, there were glasses (that is, two pieces of<br>glass that are polished in such a manner to achieve the<br>required alteration in the light paths by the process of<br>refraction), and they are mounted in a frame to be worn on<br>the bridge of the nose and the ears and thus remain<br>stationary with respect to the visual axes of the eyes. With<br>eyeglasses, as compared to hand-held single lens magnifiers<br>that were used for reading, the hands are free and the<br>glasses remain stationary with respect to movements of the<br>head and the body. In the history of inventions, eyeglasses<br>provide an example of a simple idea that when properly<br>implemented provides individuals with a great improvement<br>in their quality of life. What is the origin of high<br>quality spectacles?<br>In a thoroughly researched and beautifully illustrated<br>new book, Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes<br>(Philadelphia, AmericanPhilosophical Society, <br>2007) Vincent Ilardi provides new evidence that 15th<br>century Florence was the center for the production of high<br>quality spectacles. While Venice during the same period<br>also produced eyeglasses, the emphasis was on items such<br>as mirrors, vessels and similar objects that resulted in<br>higher profits. The glass industry in Florence existed from<br>the early 13th century, and by the time of the middle of the<br>17th century it was producing high-quality glass that even<br>Venice could not surpass.<br>We now jump from 15th century Florence to the present<br>and introduce Borish's Clinical Refraction, Second Edition.<br>For this edition, William J. Benjamin served as the editor, <br>Irvin M. Borish served as consultant, and 58 clinicianscientists<br>contributed chapters. Both the editors and the<br>contributors deserve acclaim for their scholarly and clearly<br>written and superbly illustrated chapters that comprise this<br>one-volume tome on the principles and the clinical practice<br>of refraction and associated subjects such as color vision, <br>contrast sensitivity, ocular motility, and visual fields. The<br>extensive scope of this volume is indicated by additional<br>chapters on infants, toddlers, and children; patients with<br>amblyopia and strabismus; patients with anisometropia and<br>aniseikonia; patients with high refractive error; patients<br>with keratoconus and irregular astigmatism; the elderly;<br>patients with low vision; and a final chapter on the<br>refractive effects of ocular disease.<br>Borish's Clinical Refraction provides the reader with two<br>varieties of information.<br>First, the clear explanation of the science related tothe<br>relevant topic; the anatomy, the physiology, the biochemistry, <br>the neural pathways, the pharmacology, the optics, the<br>materials and their optical and mechanical properties that<br>comprise the lenses of glasses and contact lenses. Second, <br>the art of the appropriate clinical practice that involves the<br>physical examination of the eyes, clinical measurement of<br>the optical properties of the visual system, measurements of<br>the shape of the cornea, the aberrations of the visual<br>system and the logical approach to select and fit the<br>appropriate glasses or contact lenses, or the procedures of<br>various types of photorefractive surgery. The successful<br>clinician needs to know both the basic science as well as<br>the details of the procedures that are required for the<br>diagnosis and management of refractive eye conditions, and<br>the reference book provides the principles and the clinical<br>procedures for the diagnosis and the management of<br>refractive eye conditions. As expected, the bulk of the<br>volume is devoted to a detailed, critical and comprehensive<br>treatment of the following topics: the examination of the<br>visual system, the various techniques to measure refraction, <br>and the analysis and prescription of optical corrections.<br>The strengths of Borish's Clinical Refraction include the<br>following: (1) a single volume book that is up-to-date, <br>clearly written, well illustrated, and comprehensive, (2) the<br>high quality black and white illustrations and the color<br>illustrations and clinical photographs which provide graphical<br>understanding to the text, (3) the well-designed and<br>easily read and understandable tables whichsummarize, <br>compare and contrast various parameters and procedures, <br>(4) the full color clinical images which illustrate the<br>pathology, clinical techniques, diagnostic readouts, diagnostic<br>instruments, and the optical principles, (5) the<br>references which provide additional resources, and (6) a<br>detailed index..detailed exposition of the basic principles that are found in<br>each chapter of Borish's Clinical Refraction. I will proceed<br>by pointing out the significant features of two chapters, in<br>order to illustrate the basis of my evaluation of this book.<br>Again, these examples serve as exemplars of the remaining<br>chapters in the book.shape of the anterior corneal surface is important for both<br>the diagnosis and the management of many ocular<br>conditions. Because about two-thirds of the refractive<br>power of the eye is located at the air/tear film interface<br>that is adjacent to the anterior surface of the cornea, it is<br>important to be able to determine the shape of the cornea. If<br>the cornea was a portion of a sphere, the task would be<br>simplified; of course, the human cornea is not spherical, <br>and that is only the beginning of the array of difficult<br>problems that must be solved to design and calibrate an<br>instrument that is capable of measuring the shape of the<br>cornea. It is of note that both Helmholtz and Gullstrand<br>independently worked on the problem of designing an<br>instrument to measure the shape of the cornea. In modern<br>times, the personal computer was used to calculate the<br>shape of the cornea from a target of concentric rings<br>(Placido disk); the results depend on the assumptions and<br>the limitations of the mathematical models and the details<br>of the calculation algorithm. The important points of this<br>chapter are the discussion of the accuracy and the<br>assumptions that are implicit in the calculation of corneal<br>shape. To emphasize these factors the authors have placed<br>them in a summary box: assumptions and limitations<br>inherent in standard keratometry. For example, in the<br>section on keratometer principles we learn that the<br>keratometer measures the radius of curvature of a small<br>region of the central cornea. The value of this chapter is a<br>critical discussion of the assumptions and the limitations for<br>each type of instrument that is used to measure corneal<br>shape. I stress this point, because so much of the<br>commercial marketing literature either ignores or provides<br>minimal discussion and evidence from peer-reviewed<br>publications that provide experimental data in support of<br>the accuracy and the precision of a particular instrument.<br>More modern instruments use proprietary reconstruction<br>algorithms to model the corneal surface. The Klein<br>algorithm is presented as one solution to the problems that<br>are inherent in the older two-dimensional algorithms that<br>were used in reconstruction of the corneal shape.<br>The highlights of the chapter on corneal topography<br>are the critical and detailed discussions of the comparison<br>of the various corneal-surface descriptors, the comparison<br>of the various videokeratoscopic instruments, the role of<br>alignment, focus and reference planes, the discussion of<br>color maps and their interpretation, as well as the critical<br>and important subject of the analysis of accuracy and<br>repeatability. Corneal topographical mapping is an important<br>measurement system, and the data is presented in<br>various color-coded forms: surface elevation maps, <br>dioptric corneal maps, axial curvature maps, instantaneous<br>curvature maps and ray-tracing refractive power<br>maps. The authors present a critical evaluation of the<br>various approaches for the display of topographical maps.<br>Wavefront refraction is the subject of another chapter<br>that illustrates the exemplary features of Borish's Clinical<br>Refraction. Today it is possible to measure optical aberrations<br>over the entire pupil that are smaller than the<br>wavelength of the incident light. The primary purpose of<br>wavefront aberrometers is to accurately measure the<br>aberrations of the eye. This is particularly important for<br>mitigating the unwanted effects of spherical aberrations and<br>coma that occur with refractive surgery. The goal of<br>developing wavefront refraction is to improve the precision<br>and the accuracy of both autorefractors and subjective<br>refraction for visible light. The wavefront distortion is<br>measured by the root-mean-squared wavefront error, and an<br>eye is considered to be emmetropic if the total distortion<br>over the pupil is minimal. The most common form of<br>wavefront sensor is the Shack-Hartmann wavefrontsen
