Overview

In India, more than 50,000 small, medium and large electroplating industries are present which are mostly scattered in urban areas and discharge various heavy metals with their wastewater. Electroplating industrial wastewater has higher concentration of various heavy metal ions such as chromium, nickel, lead, copper, zinc etc. Small and medium scale industries mainly discharge their wastewater into municipal sewers. Ni, Zn and Cr metals are mostly found in electroplating industrial wastewater at high concentration. Chromium is extensively used in industries, such as chemicals and pigments, textile dying, tanning industries, wood preservation and finishing of plastics, metals and leather as well as in electroplating for surface treatment etc. In nature, cationic Cr(III) and anionic Cr(VI) forms are the most stable and dominant oxidation states of chromium (Miyata et al., 2007). Chromium (VI) is more toxic than Cr(III) (Sarkhosh et al., 2016) and it is a carcinogenic and mutagenic chemical (Enterline, 1974; Singh et al., 2011; Thatheyus and Ramya, 2016). Therefore it is extremely crucial to take care of the industrial wastewater having Cr(VI) before its release into the environment. The biogenic manganese oxides have huge potential for oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI). Cr(VI) is typically movable, soluble and bioaccessible form and successfully sorbed on the surfaces of these biogenic oxides.

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