Overview

The iconic bicep-flexing poster image of “Rosie the Riveter” has long conveyed the impression that women were welcomed into the World War II work force and admired for helping “free a man to fight.” Donna Knaff, however, shows that “Rosie” only revealed part of the reality and that women depicted in other World War II visual art - both in the private sector and the military - reflected decidedly mixed feelings about the status of women within American society. Beyond Rosie the Riveter takes readers back to a time before television’s dominance, to the golden age of print art and its singular power over public opinion. Focusing specifically on instances of “female masculinity” when women entered previously all-male fields, Knaff places these images within the context of popular discussions of gender roles and examines their historical, cultural and textual contexts. As Knaff reveals, visual messages received by women through war posters, magazine cartoons, comic strips and ads may have acknowledged their importance to the war effort but also cautioned them against taking too many liberties or losing their femininity. Her study examines the subtle and not-so subtle cultural battles that played out in these popular images, opening a new window on American women’s experience. Some images implicitly argued that women should maintain their femininity despite adopting masculinity for the war effort; others dealt with society’s deep-seated fear that masculinised women might feminise men; and many reflected the dilemma that a woman was both encouraged to express and suppress her sexuality so that she might be perceived as neither promiscuous nor lesbian. From these cases, Knaff draws a common theme: while being outwardly empowered or celebrated for their wartime contributions, women were kept in check by being held responsible for everything from distracting male co-workers to compromising machinery with their long hair and jewelry. Knaff also notes the subtle distinctions among the images: government war posters targeted blue-collar women, New Yorker content was aimed at socialites, Collier’s addressed middle-class women, and Wonder Woman was geared to young girls. Especially through its focus on visual arts, Knaff’s book gives us a new look at American society decades before the modern women’s rights movement, torn between wartime needs and antiquated gender roles. It provides much-needed nuance to a glossed-over chapter in our history, charting the difficult negotiations that granted - and ultimately took back - American women’s wartime freedoms.

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�A vibrant and compelling narrative that confirms the centrality of sexuality to our understandings of the Second World War and illuminates the extraordinary possibilities of popular graphic art as a cultural source for considering the American past. Offering a deeply nuanced reading of familiar icons like Rosie the Riveter and Wonder Woman, along with other less-known images such as Winnie the Wac and Miss Lace, Knaff persuasively demonstrates that competing versions of female masculinity were the critical means through which wartime anxieties about women's participation in the military and war work were negotiated.�--Leisa D. Meyer, author of Creating G.I. Jane: Sexuality and Power in the Women�s Army Corps during World War II�The images Knaff discusses are rich and provocative. . . . An impressive work on a fascinating topic that will make a significant contribution to a lively critical discussion of women and war, of gender roles during WWII, and of the history of American graphic art during this era.�--Laura Browder, author of When Janey Comes Marching Home: Portraits of Women Combat Veterans �For Knaff, the iconic Rosie perpetuates in the present a false idea that World War II opened up new and meaningful chances for female self-expression. . . . The story Knaff tells . . . is worth pondering. She deflty unpacks a wide range of diverse images from numerous sources.�--Women's Review of Books�This cultural history offers a close, intelligent reading of WWII-era cartoons, comic strips, and posters featuring women and gender relations during and after the war. The author contrasts the iconic posters of Rosie the Riveter welcoming women into men's jobs with the clearly ambivalent and at times hostile images of women in wartime cartoons and comic strips. Knaff's history shows women encroaching on male turf, acting unfeminine and harming men. The cartoons highlight men's fears that women will upend customary gender roles and use their sexuality in perverse and dangerous ways. Knaff argues that such notions in cartoon format provided psychological relief for the unusual and tumultuous circumstances of daily life during wartime. Highly recommended.�--Choice A vibrant and compelling narrative that confirms the centrality of sexuality to our understandings of the Second World War and illuminates the extraordinary possibilities of popular graphic art as a cultural source for considering the American past. Offering a deeply nuanced reading of familiar icons like Rosie the Riveter and Wonder Woman, along with other less-known images such as Winnie the Wac and Miss Lace, Knaff persuasively demonstrates that competing versions of female masculinity were the critical means through which wartime anxieties about women's participation in the military and war work were negotiated. --Leisa D. Meyer, author of Creating G.I. Jane: Sexuality and Power in the Women's Army Corps during World War II The images Knaff discusses are rich and provocative. . . . An impressive work on a fascinating topic that will make a significant contribution to a lively critical discussion of women and war, of gender roles during WWII, and of the history of American graphic art during this era. --Laura Browder, author of When Janey Comes Marching Home: Portraits of Women Combat Veterans For Knaff, the iconic Rosie perpetuates in the present a false idea that World War II opened up new and meaningful chances for female self-expression. . . . The story Knaff tells . . . is worth pondering. She deflty unpacks a wide range of diverse images from numerous sources. --Women's Review of Books This cultural history offers a close, intelligent reading of WWII-era cartoons, comic strips, and posters featuring women and gender relations during and after the war. The author contrasts the iconic posters of Rosie the Riveter welcoming women into men's jobs with the clearly ambivalent and at times hostile images of women in wartime cartoons and comic strips. Knaff's history shows women encroaching on male turf, acting unfeminine and harming men. The cartoons highlight men's fears that women will upend customary gender roles and use their sexuality in perverse and dangerous ways. Knaff argues that such notions in cartoon format provided psychological relief for the unusual and tumultuous circumstances of daily life during wartime. Highly recommended. --Choice -A vibrant and compelling narrative that confirms the centrality of sexuality to our understandings of the Second World War and illuminates the extraordinary possibilities of popular graphic art as a cultural source for considering the American past. Offering a deeply nuanced reading of familiar icons like Rosie the Riveter and Wonder Woman, along with other less-known images such as Winnie the Wac and Miss Lace, Knaff persuasively demonstrates that competing versions of female masculinity were the critical means through which wartime anxieties about women's participation in the military and war work were negotiated.---Leisa D. Meyer, author of Creating G.I. Jane: Sexuality and Power in the Women's Army Corps during World War II -The images Knaff discusses are rich and provocative. . . . An impressive work on a fascinating topic that will make a significant contribution to a lively critical discussion of women and war, of gender roles during WWII, and of the history of American graphic art during this era.---Laura Browder, author of When Janey Comes Marching Home: Portraits of Women Combat Veterans

A vibrant and compelling narrative that confirms the centrality of sexuality to our understandings of the Second World War and illuminates the extraordinary possibilities of popular graphic art as a cultural source for considering the American past. Offering a deeply nuanced reading of familiar icons like Rosie the Riveter and Wonder Woman, along with other less-known images such as Winnie the Wac and Miss Lace, Knaff persuasively demonstrates that competing versions of female masculinity were the critical means through which wartime anxieties about women's participation in the military and war work were negotiated. --<b>Leisa D. Meyer</b>, author of <i>Creating G.I. Jane: Sexuality and Power in the Women's Army Corps during World War II</i> The images Knaff discusses are rich and provocative. . . . An impressive work on a fascinating topic that will make a significant contribution to a lively critical discussion of women and war, of gender roles during WWII, and of the history of American graphic art during this era. --<b>Laura Browder</b>, author of <i>When Janey Comes Marching Home: Portraits of Women Combat Veterans</i>

Author Information

Donna B. Knaff is a World War II historian at the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command and is also former Chief Historian at the Women In Military Service For America Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery. She lives in Honolulu, Hawaii.

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