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Author:   Sue Black (University of Dundee) ,  Anil Aggrawal (Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India) ,  Jason Payne-James
Publisher:   John Wiley & Sons Inc
Imprint:   John Wiley & Sons Inc
Dimensions:   Width: 17.30cm , Height: 2.20cm , Length: 25.20cm
Weight:   0.699kg
ISBN:  

9780470519677

ISBN 10:   0470519673
Pages:   320
Publication Date:   24 September 2010
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Out of stock  
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Table of Contents

Foreword xiii Preface xv Glossary of Abbreviations xvii 1 An Introduction to the History of Age Estimation in the Living 1 Andreas Schmeling and Sue Black 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Dental Development 3 1.3 Skeletal Maturation 5 1.4 Secondary Sexual Development 8 1.5 Conclusion 10 References 12 2 Immigration, Asylum Seekers and Undocumented Identity 19 Heather Law, Lorraine Mensah, Sue Bailey and Julia Nelki 2.1 Asylum Seeker to Refugee 26 References 28 3 Clinical and Legal Requirements for Age Determination in the Living 30 Philip Beh and Jason Payne-James 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Contrasts between Age Assessment in the Living and the Deceased 31 3.3 Reasons for Age Estimation of Bodies and Human Remains 32 3.4 Reasons for Age Estimation of Living Individuals 32 3.5 Assessment Techniques 37 3.6 How Age May Be Specifically Documented 37 3.7 Birth Certificates 38 3.8 Identity Cards 38 3.9 Driving Licence 38 3.10 Passports 39 3.11 Age Verification Cards 40 3.12 Other Documents 40 3.13 Medical Issues 40 3.13.1 Duties to Examinee 40 3.14 Communication 41 3.15 Summary and Conclusions 41 References 42 4 Legal Implications of Age Determination: Consent and Other Issues 43 George Fernie and Jason Payne-James 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Principles of Practice 44 4.3 Duties of the Examining Practitioner 47 4.4 Criminal Issues in Age Determination in the Living 48 4.5 Practical Implications 51 4.6 Summary 53 References 54 5 The Challenges of Psychological Assessments of Maturity 55 Julia Nelki, Pete Grady, Sue Bailey and Heather Law 5.1 Introduction 55 5.1.1 Current Status in the UK 57 5.2 Need for Determination of Maturity 58 5.3 Psychological Maturity as a Concept 59 5.3.1 Child Development 60 5.3.2 Middle Childhood 61 5.3.3 Adolescence 62 5.3.4 Ethical Framework 63 5.4 Current Practice 65 5.5 Suggestions for a Framework for Good Practice 67 5.5.1 Setting 68 5.6 Summary and Conclusion 69 Appendix 5.A Proposed Framework, Based on Common Assessment Framework (Department of Schools Families and Children, 2007) 69 References 74 6 Principles of Physical Age Estimation 77 Sue Black and George Maat 6.1 Intra-uterine Growth and Development 79 6.2 Birth and Infancy 82 6.3 Childhood 83 6.4 Juvenile 85 6.5 Adolescence 85 6.6 Adult 86 6.7 Senescence 87 6.8 Summary 88 6.9 Growth Studies 89 References 91 7 Growth, Maturation and Age 95 Noël Cameron and Laura L. Jones 7.1 Growth, Maturation and Age 95 7.1.1 The Concept of Time 95 7.1.2 Maturity Indicators 98 7.1.3 Maturational Variation 99 7.1.4 Uneven Maturation 99 7.1.5 Sexual Dimorphism 100 7.1.6 Maturity and Size 100 7.2 Assessment of Maturation 101 7.2.1 Skeletal Maturity 101 7.2.2 Dental Maturity 101 7.2.3 Secondary Sexual Development 102 7.2.4 Independence of Methods 102 7.3 Secular Trends 102 7.4 Worldwide Variation in the Timing of Maturation 104 7.4.1 Secondary Sexual Development 104 7.4.2 Dental Development 109 7.4.3 Skeletal Development 109 7.5 Factors Associated with the Timing of Maturation 112 7.5.1 Genetic Variability 112 7.5.2 Demographic Factors 113 7.5.3 Biological Factors 114 7.5.4 Environmental Factors 116 7.6 Summary 120 References 120 8 Practical Imaging Techniques for Age Evaluation 130 Andreas Schmeling, Sven Schmidt, Ronald Schulz, Andreas Olze, Walter Reisinger and Volker Vieth 8.1 Introduction 130 8.2 Radiation Exposure in X-ray Examinations for the Purpose of Age Estimation 131 8.3 Radiological Examination of the Hand 133 8.4 Radiological Examination of the Teeth 138 8.5 Radiological Examination of the Clavicles 142 8.6 Summary and Conclusions 144 References 145 9 External Soft Tissue Indicators of Age from Birth to Adulthood 150 Anil Aggrawal, Puneet Setia, Avneesh Gupta, and Anthony Busuttil 9.1 Growth Patterns 151 9.2 Anthropometric Parameters in Children 151 9.2.1 Growth Charts 152 9.2.2 Developmental Milestones 159 9.2.2.1 Head Control 159 9.2.2.2 Rolling 159 9.2.2.3 Sitting 160 9.2.2.4 Gross Motor 160 9.2.2.5 Fine Motor 161 9.2.2.6 Social and cognitive 161 9.2.2.7 Speech and language 162 9.3 Pubertal Changes 162 9.3.1 Stages of Pubic Hair Development Derived from Tanner (1962) 163 9.3.1.1 Pubic Hair Development in Males 164 9.3.1.2 Pubic Hair Development in Females 164 9.3.2 Stages of Axillary Hair Development Derived from Tanner (1962) 164 9.3.3 Stages of Development of Male Genitalia Derived from Tanner (1962) 166 9.3.3.1 Testicular Volume 166 9.3.3.2 Age of First Erection and Ejaculation 167 9.3.4 Stages of breast development as derived from Tanner (1962) 168 9.3.5 Age of Menarche 168 9.4 Areas of New Research 170 9.5 Conclusion 170 References 171 10 Age Evaluation and Odontology in the Living 176 Jane Taylor and Matthew Blenkin 10.1 Introduction 176 10.2 Overview of the Development of the Dentition 177 10.3 Techniques of Dental Age Estimation 179 10.4 The Sub-adult Dentition 180 10.4.1 Sub-adult: Physical/Anatomical 180 10.4.1.1 Tooth Counts 180 10.4.2 Sub-adult: Radiographic 182 10.4.2.1 Atlas Style Techniques 182 10.4.2.2 Techniques Employing Measurement 184 10.4.3 Sub-adult: Destructive 187 10.4.3.1 Histological Techniques 187 10.4.3.2 Aspartic Acid Racemization 187 10.5 The Adult Dentition 187 10.5.1 Adult: Physical 188 10.5.1.1 Tooth Wear 188 10.5.2 Adult: Radiographic 188 10.5.2.1 Third Molars 189 10.5.2.2 Secondary Dentine Apposition 190 10.5.3 Adult: Destructive 191 10.5.3.1 The Gustafson Method 191 10.5.3.2 Root Transparency 191 10.5.3.3 Amino Acid Racemization and Histological Techniques 191 10.6 Summary 191 References 193 11 Age Evaluation from the Skeleton 202 S. Lucina Hackman, Alanah Buck and S. Black 11.1 Background 202 11.2 Fetal Age 204 11.3 Birth 208 11.4 Juvenile/Child 210 11.5 Age Estimation from the Skeleton in Living Adults 221 11.6 Medial Clavicle 222 11.7 Sternal Ribs and Costal Cartilages 223 11.8 Pelvis 224 11.9 Skull Sutural Closure 224 11.10 Laryngeal Cartilages 225 11.11 Other General Ageing Features 226 11.12 Summary 226 References 226 12 Age Evaluation after Growth Cessation 236 Anil Aggrawal, Puneet Setia, Avneesh Gupta and Anthony Busuttil 12.1 Background 236 12.2 Consent 237 12.3 Radiology 237 12.3.1 Pubic Bones 239 12.3.2 Long Bones 242 12.3.3 Skull Sutures 243 12.3.4 Costal Cartilages 246 12.3.4.1 Sternum 246 12.3.5 Vertebrae 247 12.3.6 Laryngeal Cartilages 250 12.4 Odontology 250 12.5 Soft Tissues of Face 251 12.6 Genetics in Age Estimation 252 12.7 Physiological and Biochemical Parameters for Age Estimation 253 12.8 Areas of Future Research 254 12.8.1 Small Long Bones 254 12.8.2 Scapula 254 12.8.3 Others 254 12.8.4 Histology 256 12.9 Conclusion 257 References 257 13 The Presentation of Results and Statistics for Legal Purposes 267 David Lucy 13.1 Introduction 267 13.2 Evidence and Intelligence 269 13.3 Statistical Methods in Age Estimation 270 13.4 Classical, or Frequentist, Approaches 271 13.5 Bayesian Approaches 271 13.6 The Relevance to Age Estimation 272 13.7 Likelihood Ratio Approaches 274 13.8 Errors of Interpretation 279 13.9 Concluding Comments 280 Appendix 13.A Age-Related Data from Gustafson (1950) 281 References 282 14 Key Practical Elements for Age Estimation in the Living 284 Sue Black, Jason Payne-James and Anil Aggrawal 14.1 The Four Pillars of Age Estimation 286 14.1.1 Pillar 1: Social and Psychological Evaluation 286 14.1.2 Pillar 2: External Estimation of Age 286 14.1.3 Pillar 3: Skeletal Estimation of Age 288 14.1.4 Pillar 4: Dental Estimation of Age 289 14.2 Conclusion 290 Index 291

Reviews

I would recommend this book to any individual that was responsible for determining age of subjects for legal requirements. The authors have created a very organized text to aid in verifying scientific methods used in age determination. I thank the authors for going the extra mile and creating such a complete text for use in forensic investigations. (Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, January 2011) This subject area of Age Assessment in the Living needed this book; it fills a void in the field to a very high standard. (King's College London, January 2011)

I strongly recommend this book to anyone interested inhuman growth and development, or any of the many factors thatinfluence the timing of human maturation. ( TheAmerican Journal of Human Biology , 2012 ) All in all, a very useful book. I would highly recommend this booknot only to all forensic physicians, but to everyone practicing inthis field. I would imagine that his book would be highly usefulfor lawyers, police, medical and dental practitioners, forensicscientists. I would also recommend this book to all undergraduateand postgraduate law and medical students preparing for forensicmedicine examinations. (Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine andToxicology, 1 January 2011) The book is of value by advising not only what can or should bedone in certain situations, but by also stating what ought not tobe done ... yhis publication will, I believe be of great value tothe many professionals engaged in this field world wide, and willalso be an excellent reference tool. (Internet Law Book Reviews,2011) Medical researchers explain some of the approaches used toestimate the age of people who for some reason or another do notknow their age, or who are trying to conceal their age. They beginby setting out the nature of the problem, in chapters onimmigration, asylum seekers, and undocumented identity; clinicaland legal requirements for age determination in the living; andconsent issues and other legal implications of age determination.Then they consider biological matters such as challenges of thepsychological assessment of maturity; principles of physical ageestimation; growth, maturation, and age; practical imagingtechniques for age estimation; external soft tissue indicators ofage from birth to adulthood; odontology in the living; theskeleton; age evaluation after growth cessation; presenting resultsand statistics for legal purposes; and key practical elements forage estimation in the living. (Annotation (c)2011 Book News Inc.Portland, OR) ( Reference and Research Book News, February2011) I would recommend this book to any individual that wasresponsible for determining age of subjects for legal requirements.The authors have created a very organized text to aid in verifyingscientific methods used in age determination. I thank the authorsfor going the extra mile and creating such a complete text for usein forensic investigations. ( Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journalof Forensic Medicine and Toxicology , January 2011) This subject area of Age Assessment in the Living needed this book; it fills a voidin the field to a very high standard. ( King's CollegeLondon , January 2011)

Author Information

Professor Sue Black, OBE BSc PhD DSc FRSE, Head of Anatomy and Forensic Anthropology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK Professor Sue Black is one of the worlds leading experts in Forensic Anthropology. She has received many accolades throughout her distinguished professional career including an OBE presented by Her Britannic Majesty for services to Forensic Anthropology in 2001. Professor Black developed the first undergraduate training course in forensic anthropology and the first postgraduate course in human identification in the UK. She is very well known to the media and has taken part in several television, radio and other media related programmes. Professor Anil Aggrawal, Professor of Forensic Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India Professor Aggrawal is also founder and Editor-in-Chief of Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. The journal is in its 8th year of publication and draws more than 2000 visitors daily from all over the world. Jason Payne-James, Forensic Healthcare Services Ltd, Essex, UK Jason Payne James is a forensic physician appointed as a Forensic Medical Examiner to the Metropolitan Police Service and City of London Police. His work embraces four main areas drawing on his extensive medical, legal, forensic and education/writing expertise — legal and clinical forensic aspects of medicine; clinical nutrition; gastroenterology. He is a prolific author/writer. Jason Payne James established a company, with others; Forensic Healthcare Services Ltd (www.forensic-healthcare.com) a company providing expert witnesses (www.experts4law.com) for the criminal and civil systems and other bodies, and which also provides training in these areas.

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