Overview

This book is about aerospace sensors and their essential roles in guidance and navigation systems. Performance characteristics, developed from basic physical laws, are consolidated in typical product-data lists, thus bridging between theory and practice; sensor dynamics and random processes are discussed as the basis of statistical error modeling. Examples, problems, and qualitative discussions are used throughout the text to enhance intuitive understanding. The first two chapters introduce generic sensor models, random signal processing, and filtering and estimation; they thus provide a common basis for students from diverse backgrounds. The seven chapters that follow cover three generations of sensor technology spanning fifty years, ranging from classical electromechanical sensors for rotation and force to modern fiber-optic gyros and silicon micromechanical devices. Sensors are presented as constituents of systems in which measurements are blended by Kalman filtering to achieve superior precision and reliability and lower cost. Effects of noise and interference, for example on automatic tracking, homing and inertial navigation, are analyzed and discussed in detail.

Full Product Details

Author:   Shmuel Merhav
Publisher:   Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Imprint:   Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Edition:   1996 ed.
Dimensions:   Width: 15.50cm , Height: 2.60cm , Length: 23.50cm
Weight:   1.880kg
ISBN:  

9780387946054

ISBN 10:   0387946055
Pages:   454
Publication Date:   18 February 1998
Audience:   College/higher education ,  Professional and scholarly ,  General/trade ,  Postgraduate, Research & Scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   In Print  
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Table of Contents

and historical background.- 1. Principles and Elements of Measurement Systems.- 1.0 Introduction.- 1.1 Elements in open-loop instruments.- 1.2 Measures and units.- 1.3 Passive and active instruments.- 1.4 Characteristics, resolution, and dynamic range.- 1.5 Errors due to dynamics, nonlinearity, and noise.- 1.6 Environmental interference.- 1.7 Error compensation.- 1.8 Estimation of characteristics by regression.- 1.9 Deflection instruments.- 1.10 Balancing instruments.- 1.11 Imperfections and limitations on precision.- 1.12 Effect of friction in instrument servomechanisms.- Problems.- References.- 2. Random Processes and Signals.- 2.0 Introduction.- 2.1 Statistical characterization of random variables.- 2.2 Ensemble averages of sample functions.- 2.3 Joint distribution, correlation.- 2.4 Correlation coefficient and functions.- 2.5 Time and ensemble averages, ergodicity.- 2.6 Mathematical operations on random processes.- 2.7 Input-output relationships.- 2.8 Spectral analysis.- Problems.- Appendix A2: Integration of power density spectra.- References.- 3. Inertial Force Sensors—Accelerometers.- 3.0 Introduction.- 3.1 Specific force readings on moving platforms.- 3.2 Leveling the supporting platform.- 3.3 Schuler frequency on other planets.- 3.4 Force balance accelerometers.- 3.5 Measurement of angular acceleration.- 3.6 Integrating accelerometers.- 3.7 Vibrating beam accelerometers.- 3.8 Piezo and capacitive transducers.- Problems.- References.- 4. Inertial Rotation Sensors.- 4.0 Introduction.- 4.1 The free gyroscope.- 4.2 The vertical gyroscope.- 4.3 Error sources in the vertical.- 4.4 The directional gyroscope.- 4.5 Gyrocompassing.- 4.6 The single axis deflection rate gyro.- 4.7 The floated rate integrating gyro (RIG).- 4.8 The dynamically tuned gyro (DTG).- 4.9 Veryhigh-precision free gyroscopes.- Problems.- Appendix A4: Euler angle transformation.- Appendix B4: Electrostatic flotation ?.- References.- 5. Applications of Rate Gyros.- 5.0 Introduction.- 5.1 Two-axis platform.- 5.2 Gyroscopic seeker head.- 5.3 Application to missile homing.- 5.4 Beam riding guidance.- 5.5 Three-axis platform for inertial navigation.- 5.6 Stability augmentation—effect of gyro bandwidth.- Problems.- Appendix A5: Direction cosines and quaternions.- References.- 6. Coriolis Angular Rate Sensors.- 6.0 Introduction.- 6.1 Rotating Coriolis angular rate sensors.- 6.2 Combined angular rate and acceleration sensing.- 6.3 Rockwell-Collins rotating Coriolis sensor.- 6.4 Dithered accelerometers.- 6.5 Dithered accelerometer pairs.- 6.6 Silicon mechanization of dither.- 6.7 Sensor output signal processing.- 6.8 Projected performance characteristics.- Problems.- References.- 7. The Interferometric Fiber-Optic Gyro.- 7.0 Introduction.- 7.1 The Sagnac interferometer.- 7.2 Effect of angular rate on Sagnac phase shift.- 7.3 Relationship between power output and phase shift.- 7.4 Implementing the IFOG in a closed loop.- 7.5 Effect of photon shot noise.- Problems.- References.- 8. The Ring Laser Gyro.- 8.0 Introduction.- 8.1 Operating principle.- 8.2 Technical description.- 8.3 The lock-in phenomenon.- Problems.- References.- 9. Filtering, Estimation, and Aiding.- 9.0 Introduction.- 9.1 Complementary filtering.- 9.2 Equivalence of the CF and the stationary KF.- 9.3 Aircraft attitude angle estimation.- Problems.- Appendix A9: Equations of aircraft dynamics.- Appendix B9: Extended Kalman filter formulation.- Appendix C9: Aircraft aerodynamic coefficients.- References.

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