Overview

This timely and most comprehensive reference available on the topic covers all the different aspects vital in the fight against the global obesity epidemic. Following a look at adipose tissue development and morphology, the authors go on to examine its metabolic and endocrine functions and its role in disease. The final section deals with comparative and evolutionary aspects of the tissue. The result is an essential resource for cell and molecular biologists, physiologists, biochemists, pharmacologists, and those working in the pharmaceutical industry.

Full Product Details

Author:   Todd Leff ,  James G. Granneman
Publisher:   Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH
Imprint:   Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH
Dimensions:   Width: 18.00cm , Height: 3.10cm , Length: 24.60cm
Weight:   1.122kg
ISBN:  

9783527318575

ISBN 10:   3527318577
Pages:   530
Publication Date:   10 March 2010
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Out of stock  
The supplier is temporarily out of stock of this item. It will be ordered for you on backorder and shipped when it becomes available.

Table of Contents

Preface XIX List of Contributors XXI Part One Adipose Tissue Development and Morphology 1 1 Transcriptional Control of Adipogenesis and Fat Cell Gene Expression 3 Ursula A. White and Jacqueline M. Stephens 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Transcriptional Control of Adipogenesis 4 1.3 Identification of Adipocyte Transcription Factor Target Genes 9 References 14 2 Cellular and Molecular Basis of Functional Differences among Fat Depots 21 Thomas Thomou, Tamara Tchkonia, and James L. Kirkland 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Physiology 27 2.3 Conclusions 35 References 36 3 Plasticity of the Adipose Organ 49 Saverio Cinti 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Gross Anatomy Demonstrates that WAT and BAT are Mixed Together in the Adipose Organ 50 3.3 Light and Electron Microscopy show that White and Brown Adipocytes have a Well-Defined and Distinct Morphology 51 3.4 WAT and BAT have a Different Vascular and Nerve Supply 53 3.5 WAT and BAT have a Different Physiology 54 3.6 Phenotype of the Adipose Organ is Variable: Plasticity of the Adipose Organ 55 3.7 Adipose Organ of Humans 61 References 63 4 Biology of Adipose Tissue Stem Cells 69 Jeffrey M. Gimble, Bruce A. Bunnell, and Farshid Guilak 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 In Situ Localization and Embryology 69 4.3 Isolation Methods 70 4.4 Characterization 71 4.5 Differentiation and Potential Utility for Regenerative Medicine 73 4.6 Conclusions 74 References 74 Part Two Metabolic Functions of Adipose Tissue 81 5 Molecular Mechanisms of Adipocyte Lipolysis 83 James G. Granneman and Hsiao-Ping H. Moore 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Key Players in Adipocyte Lipolysis 83 5.3 Lipolytic Protein Trafficking 88 5.4 Working Model and Unresolved Issues 91 References 93 6 New Developments in the Lipolytic Processing of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins 97 André Bensadoun, Anne P. Beigneux, Loren G. Fong, and Stephen G. Young 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 LPL 98 6.3 Functional Domains of LPL 99 6.4 Regulation of LPL Activity by Angiopoietin-Like Proteins 100 6.5 Role of GPIHBP1 in the Lipolysis of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins 101 6.6 Role of Apo-AV in Lipolysis 103 6.7 Newly Discovered Regulators of LPL Activity and their Physiological Significance 104 References 105 7 Intracellular Fatty Acid Transport, Activation, and Trafficking 109 Doug Mashek 7.1 Introduction 109 7.2 Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Family 109 7.3 Fatty Acid Activation and Channeling: Role of Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetases and Fatty Acid Transport Proteins 113 7.4 Role of Acyl-CoA-Binding Protein in Acyl-CoA Metabolism 116 7.5 Regulation and Function of Distinct Fatty Acid and Acyl-CoA Pools 117 7.6 Contribution of Fatty Acid and Acyl-CoA Metabolism to Metabolic Diseases 119 7.7 Conclusions 121 References 121 8 Aquaporins and Adipose Tissue: Lesson from Discovery to Physiopathology and to the Clinic of Aquaporin Adipose (AQP7) 129 Ken Kishida 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 Characteristics of Adipocytes and Gycerol Metabolism in the Mammalian Body 130 8.3 Adipose Glycerol Channel: AQP7 132 8.4 Hepatic Glycerol Channel: AQP9 141 8.5 Coordination of Adipose Glycerol Channel, AQP7, and Hepatic Glycerol Channel, AQP9 143 8.6 Dysregulation of AQP7 and AQP9 in Obesity with Insulin Resistance 143 8.7 Conclusions 144 References 144 9 Signaling Pathways Controlling Lipolysis and Lipid Mobilization in Humans 149 Max Lafontan 9.1 Introduction 149 9.2 Role of Lipases in the Regulation of Hydrolysis of Fat Cell Triacylglycerols 151 9.3 Adrenergic Control of cAMP Production, Lipolysis and Lipid Mobilization 152 9.4 Control of cAMP Production by Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors – Inhibition of Lipolysis 157 9.5 Insulin: A Major Antilipolytic Agent Controlling cAMP Degradation 158 9.6 Natriuretic Peptides Control cGMP Production, Lipolysis, and Lipid Mobilization in Humans 159 9.7 Other Lipolytic Pathways 163 9.8 Future Trends and Pharmacological Prospects 167 References 168 Part Three Endocrine Functions of Adipose Tissue 181 10 Leptin Secretion and Action 183 Robert V. Considine 10.1 Introduction 183 10.2 Leptin Synthesis 184 10.3 Leptin Receptors 187 10.4 Leptin Action in the Central Nervous System 187 10.5 Leptin Resistance in Obesity 189 10.6 Metabolic Complications of Hyperleptinemia in Obesity 190 10.7 Leptin Therapy in Humans 192 10.8 Conclusions 194 References 194 11 Adiponectin 201 Jonathan P. Whitehead and Ayanthi A. Richards 11.1 Introduction 201 11.2 Adiponectin Structure and Post-Translational Modifications 202 11.3 Significance and Bioactivity of Adiponectin Multimers 204 11.4 Adiponectin and Liver 205 11.5 Adiponectin and Skeletal Muscle 206 11.6 Adiponectin and the Vasculature 206 11.7 Adiponectin and the Brain 207 11.8 Adiponectin Expression and Secretion 208 11.9 Adiponectin Secretion 209 11.10 Ectopic Adiponectin Expression 211 11.11 Regulation of Expression and Secretion 212 11.12 Adiponectin Clearance 214 11.13 Adiponectin Receptors and Downstream Effectors 215 11.14 Adiponectin Signaling 216 11.15 Conclusions 217 References 218 12 Preadipocyte factor-1 and Adipose Tissue-Specific Secretory Factor/Resistin – Two Secreted Factors from Adipose Tissue: Role in Adipogenesis and Insulin Resistance 231 Hei Sook Sul, Yuhui Wang, and Carolyn Hudak 12.1 Introduction 231 12.2 Pref-1 Structure 232 12.3 Pref-1 Inhibition of Adipocyte Differentiation 233 12.4 Mechanism for Pref-1 Function 234 12.5 In Vivo Effect of Pref-1 on Adipogenesis and Glucose/Insulin Homeostasis 235 12.6 ADSF/Resistin: Identification and Structure 236 12.7 ADSF/Resistin Expression and Function 237 12.8 Conclusions 239 References 240 13 Adipose Tissue and Blood Pressure Regulation 245 Lisa A. Cassis and Sara B. Police 13.1 Introduction 245 13.2 Adipose Tissue Changes with Obesity: Relation to Blood Pressure Control 245 13.3 Regional Adipose Deposition and Blood Pressure Regulation 254 13.4 Conclusions 256 References 257 14 Adipokines, Inflammation, and Obesity 265 Karine Clément 14.1 Introduction 265 14.2 Contribution of Adipose Tissue in Systemic Inflammation during Obesity 266 14.3 Adipose Tissue Depots and Adipokine Production 268 14.4 Adipokines and Adipose Tissue Cell Types 269 14.5 Adipokines, Macrophages, and the Biology of Adipocytes 270 14.6 Adipokines and Complications of Obesity 274 14.7 Adipokines and Weight Loss 275 14.8 Conclusions 276 References 276 Part Four Adipose Tissue and Disease 283 15 Depot-Specific Biology of Adipose Tissues: Links to Fat Distribution and Metabolic Risk 285 Mi-Jeong Lee and Susan K. Fried 15.1 Introduction 285 15.2 Adipose Depots: Definitions 286 15.3 Physiological and Anatomical Differences among Depots may Drive Functional Heterogeneity 286 15.4 Heterogeneity in Adipocyte Function among Adipose Depots 288 15.5 Regional Differences in Adipose Tissue Gene Expression and Protein Production: Relationship to the Metabolic Syndrome 291 15.6 Search for Novel Adipokines with Depot-Specific Expression that Link Regional Adiposity to Metabolic Risk 291 15.7 Importance of Adipose Tissue Macrophages and other Immunocytes in Regional Adipose Tissue Dysfunction 293 15.8 Gene Expression Profiles are Providing New Insights on Regional Adipose Growth and Function 295 15.9 Depot Differences in Cell Proliferation and Differentiation Capacity 296 15.10 Conclusions and Future Directions 297 References 298 16 Viral Induction of Obesity and Adipogenesis 307 Magdalena Pasarica, Rohan N. Dhurandhar, Nazar Mashtalir, and Nikhil V. Dhurandhar 16.1 Introduction 307 16.2 Viruses 313 16.3 Chlamydia pneumoniae 320 16.4 Gut Microbiota 320 16.5 Gut Parasites 321 16.6 Scrapie Agents 322 16.7 Interaction of Pathogens and Adipose Tissue 323 16.8 Adipogenic Pathogens and Humans 324 16.9 Conclusions 324 References 325 17 Adipose Tissue Cachexia 333 Michael John Tisdale 17.1 Introduction 333 17.2 Changes in Adipose Tissue in Cachexia 333 17.3 Energy Expenditure in Cancer Patients 335 17.4 Factors Governing Adipose Tissue Mass 336 17.5 Mechanism of Loss of Adipose Tissue in Cachexia 337 17.6 Requirements of Tumor-Bearing Animals for Lipids 338 17.7 Fat-Mobilizing Substances in Cancer Cachexia 338 17.8 Conclusion 340 References 342 18 Obesity and Diabetes: Lipotoxicity 347 Christopher J. Lelliott, Matej Ore4si4c, and Antonio J. Vidal-Puig 18.1 Introduction 347 18.2 White Adipose Tissue at the Center of Lipid Homeostasis and Delivery 348 18.3 Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes Disrupts the Balance between Lipid Storage and Secretion 348 18.4 Scenarios that may Result in Ectopic Fat Deposition 348 18.5 Mechanisms Contributing to the Lipotoxicity in the Peripheral Organs 355 18.6 Impaired Oxidation as a Trigger for Lipotoxicity 360 18.7 Pancreatic b-Cell as a Target for Lipotoxicity 363 18.8 New Analytical and Computational Methods to Identify Lipotoxicity-Related Metabolic Networks 363 18.9 Lessons from Lipotoxicity – Potential Antilipotoxic Therapeutic Strategies 365 References 365 19 Obesity and Cancer 369 Andrew G. Renehan 19.1 Introduction 369 19.2 Epidemiology 369 19.3 Biological Mechanisms 371 19.4 Other Biological Candidates 380 19.5 Mechanical Mechanisms 381 19.6 New Research Areas 382 References 382 20 Overview of Acquired and Genetic Lipodystrophies 385 Tisha Joy and Robert A. Hegele 20.1 Introduction 385 20.2 Congenital Lipodystrophies 386 20.3 Acquired Lipodystrophies with a Possible Genetic Component 393 20.4 Lipodystrophy Associated with other Syndromes 395 20.5 Conclusions 397 References 398 21 Mouse Models of Lipodystrophy 403 Jimmy Donkor and Karen Reue 21.1 Introduction 403 21.2 Physiological Mechanisms of Lipodystrophy in Mouse Models 403 21.3 Lipodystrophic Models with Impaired Adipogenesis 407 21.4 Lipodystrophic Models with Impaired Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis 411 21.5 Lipodystrophic Models with Enhanced Energy Expenditure 414 21.6 Mouse Models with Acquired or Conditional Lipodystrophy 416 21.7 Conclusions 418 References 419 22 Caloric Restriction, Longevity, and Adiposity 423 Leanne M. Redman and Eric Ravussin 22.1 Introduction 423 22.2 Physiological Changes with Aging 424 22.3 Aging and Caloric Restriction 424 22.4 Energy Restriction may Alter the ‘‘Rate of Living’’ 425 22.5 CR and Oxidative Stress 426 22.6 CR and Cardiovascular Disease 427 22.7 CR and Insulin Resistance/Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 427 22.8 What is Known from Humans? 427 22.9 Could CR Increase Longevity in Humans? 431 22.10 CR Mimetics 433 22.11 Conclusions 434 References 434 23 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-c: A Key Regulator of Adipose Tissue Formation, Remodeling, and Metabolism 441 Olga Astapova and Todd Leff 23.1 Introduction 441 23.2 Molecular Biology of PPAR-c 442 23.3 PPAR-c is a Master Regulator of Adipose Tissue Development 447 23.4 Metabolic Functions of PPAR-c 449 23.5 White versus Brown Fat-Specific Functions of PPAR-c 450 23.6 PPAR-c Function in Adipose Tissue Maintenance and Remodeling 452 23.7 Conclusions 454 References 454 24 Early-Life Programming of Adipogenesis and Adiposity 459 Roselle L. Cripps and Susan E. Ozanne 24.1 Introduction 459 24.2 Theories for the Developmental Origins of Obesity 460 24.3 Evidence for the Developmental Origins of Obesity 460 24.4 Adipogenesis 462 24.5 Potential Mechanisms? 465 24.6 Future Perspectives 467 References 468 25 Evolutionary Aspects of Obesity and Adipose Tissue Function 473 Jonathan C. K. Wells 25.1 Introduction 473 25.2 Thrifty Genotype and Phenotype Hypotheses 474 25.3 Ethological Approach 476 25.4 Significance of Agriculture 482 25.5 Significance of Colonizing 483 25.6 Significance of Social Inequality 485 25.7 New Obesogenic Environment 486 References 487 Index 491

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Author Information

Todd Leff is Associate Professor in the Department of Pathology at the Wayne State University School of Medicine in Detroit, Michigan. In 1991 he moved to the Parke-Davis Company where he became the Director of the Transcription Research Group in the Department of Cell biology. In 2002 he joined the faculty at the Wayne State. He serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Biological Chemistry, the Journal of Lipid Research and the American Journal of Physiology. James Granneman is Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, and Pathology at Wayne State University School of Medicine. Dr. Granneman's research interests include lipolysis and adrenergic signal transduction in adipose tissues, and he serves on the editorial board of American Journal of Physiology.

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