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This dissertation, A Case Control Study on Smoking, Alcohol Drinking and Other Risk Factors of Coronary Heart Disease in Hong Kong by Siu-fung, Chung, 鍾少鳳, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Abstract of thesis A case control study on smoking, alcohol drinking and other risk factors of coronary heart disease in Hong Kong submitted by CHUNG Siu Fung for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Hong Kong in December 2000 Objective: To find out the risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Hong Kong Chinese, and to quantify the level of risks. Design: A case control study. Settings: Three major hospitals on Hong Kong Island (for patients) and the whole territory of Hong Kong (for community controls). Subjects: The cases were 588 patients who were diagnosed with at least one coronary artery stenosed for 50% or more by coronary angiography. The two series of controls were: (a) 1091 healthy persons - community controls, and (b) 331 patients with normal angiogram - angiogram normal controls. Data collection instruments: Two questionnaires were used to collect information about risk factors by interviewing or self completion. Diagnoses were obtained from the reports of the cardiologists who were responsible for the angiography. Anthropometric and lipid data were obtained by standard methods or were abstracted from hospital records. Variables studied: The outcome measure was the CHD disease status with CHD patients as cases and non-CHD subjects as controls. The risk factors that were included in the study were personal and family medical history, smoking, passive smoking, alcohol drinking, lipid profiles, anthropometric measurements, physical activities, plant-derived food consumption, worries and types of reaction to anger. The risks were estimated by odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Ever-smoking was found to be a risk factor for CHD in both genders, in both younger age group and older age group, and in both subjects with high total cholesterol and low total cholesterol. It was also a significant risk factor for the severity of coronary artery stenosis. Alcohol drinking was a protective factor for CHD in both genders, in both the younger age group and older age group, and in both subjects with high total cholesterol and low total cholesterol. However, it was significantly associated with the severity of coronary artery stenosis in some subsets of subjects only. High consumption of Chinese tea was another protective factor for CHD. No association was observed for total cholesterol but high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) was an independent factor for CHD in men and triglyceride was an independent factor for CHD in women. Conclusions: Ever-smoking is a strong risk factor, and alcohol consumption and Chinese tea consumption are protective factors for CHD in both genders, in different age groups, and in different total cholesterol concentrations. Implications: The strong evidence on smoking would support stronger tobacco control measures. Measurements of HDL and triglyceride are needed as total cholesterol alone appears not adequate. The results on the many risk and protective factors should support an urgent introduction of a comprehensive heart health policy in Hong Kong. DOI: 10.5353/th_b2977533 Subjects: Alcohol - Physiological effectCoronary heart disease - China - Hong Kong - Risk factorsTobacco - Physiological effect

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