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9781108492690

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'This book gives a very careful analysis of the relation of theory to observational confirmation in astrophysics and cosmology, using as a case study the succession of MOND models proposed by Milgrom. Using Lakatos's approach, which is contrasted with Popper's proposals, the book focuses with exemplary clarity on the question of to what extent theories can be taken to be validated by observational tests. This is a great contribution to the philosophy of cosmology, which will also make the reader appreciate the strength of Milgrom's theory in terms of having, in advance, made predictions which were subsequently confirmed.' George F. R. Ellis, University of Cape Town 'Merritt's take on dark matter is as thorough as it is illuminating. It is rare to find arguments so rigorous on both the scientific and philosophical sides, while still being eminently readable. This book will be insightful for practitioners in astrophysics as well for those wanting to understand what has been going on in astrophysics lately.' Sabine Hossenfelder, Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies 'David Merritt, in an excellent well-written discussion, considers MOND, an alternative to dark matter, in terms of the ideas of Karl Popper and Imre Lakatos. In assessing a scientific theory, Popper emphasized falsification over verification, but in practice a theory may grow in content through a 'research program'. This growth is judged to be progressive if it successfully predicts new phenomena not related to those the theory was designed to explain. Merritt traces the MOND research program through various stages, pointing out numerous progressive successes. The point is that MOND is essentially predictive; the standard theory, dark matter, is essentially reactive.' Robert H. Sanders, University of Groningen 'Merritt's book has an excellent (and blissfully short) introduction into the philosophy of science that contains everything you need to know to follow along. The book is extremely well structured ... I think that everyone who has a research interest in astrophysics and cosmology will benefit from reading this book. And I think that physics would much benefit from a similar analysis of inflation and other hypotheses for the early universe, quantum gravity, theories of everything and grand unification, and quantum foundations.' Sabine Hossenfelder, BackReaction.blogspot.com 'This book gives a very careful analysis of the relation of theory to observational confirmation in astrophysics and cosmology, using as a case study the succession of MOND models proposed by Milgrom. Using Lakatos's approach, which is contrasted with Popper's proposals, the book focuses with exemplary clarity on the question of to what extent theories can be taken to be validated by observational tests. This is a great contribution to the philosophy of cosmology, which will also make the reader appreciate the strength of Milgrom's theory in terms of having, in advance, made predictions which were subsequently confirmed.' George F. R. Ellis, University of Cape Town 'Merritt's take on dark matter is as thorough as it is illuminating. It is rare to find arguments so rigorous on both the scientific and philosophical sides, while still being eminently readable. This book will be insightful for practitioners in astrophysics as well for those wanting to understand what has been going on in astrophysics lately.' Sabine Hossenfelder, Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies 'David Merritt, in an excellent well-written discussion, considers MOND, an alternative to dark matter, in terms of the ideas of Karl Popper and Imre Lakatos. In assessing a scientific theory, Popper emphasized falsification over verification, but in practice a theory may grow in content through a 'research program'. This growth is judged to be progressive if it successfully predicts new phenomena not related to those the theory was designed to explain. Merritt traces the MOND research program through various stages, pointing out numerous progressive successes. The point is that MOND is essentially predictive; the standard theory, dark matter, is essentially reactive.' Robert H. Sanders, University of Groningen 'Merritt's book has an excellent (and blissfully short) introduction into the philosophy of science that contains everything you need to know to follow along. The book is extremely well structured ... I think that everyone who has a research interest in astrophysics and cosmology will benefit from reading this book. And I think that physics would much benefit from a similar analysis of inflation and other hypotheses for the early universe, quantum gravity, theories of everything and grand unification, and quantum foundations.' Sabine Hossenfelder, BackReaction.blogspot.com

'This book gives a very careful analysis of the relation of theory to observational confirmation in astrophysics and cosmology, using as a case study the succession of MOND models proposed by Milgrom. Using Lakatos's approach, which is contrasted with Popper's proposals, the book focuses with exemplary clarity on the question of to what extent theories can be taken to be validated by observational tests. This is a great contribution to the philosophy of cosmology, which will also make the reader appreciate the strength of Milgrom's theory in terms of having, in advance, made predictions which were subsequently confirmed.' George F. R. Ellis, University of Cape Town 'Merritt's take on dark matter is as thorough as it is illuminating. It is rare to find arguments so rigorous on both the scientific and philosophical sides, while still being eminently readable. This book will be insightful for practitioners in astrophysics as well for those wanting to understand what has been going on in astrophysics lately.' Sabine Hossenfelder, Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies 'David Merritt, in an excellent well-written discussion, considers MOND, an alternative to dark matter, in terms of the ideas of Karl Popper and Imre Lakatos. In assessing a scientific theory, Popper emphasized falsification over verification, but in practice a theory may grow in content through a 'research program'. This growth is judged to be progressive if it successfully predicts new phenomena not related to those the theory was designed to explain. Merritt traces the MOND research program through various stages, pointing out numerous progressive successes. The point is that MOND is essentially predictive; the standard theory, dark matter, is essentially reactive.' Robert H. Sanders, University of Groningen 'Merritt's book has an excellent (and blissfully short) introduction into the philosophy of science that contains everything you need to know to follow along. The book is extremely well structured ... I think that everyone who has a research interest in astrophysics and cosmology will benefit from reading this book. And I think that physics would much benefit from a similar analysis of inflation and other hypotheses for the early universe, quantum gravity, theories of everything and grand unification, and quantum foundations.' Sabine Hossenfelder, BackReaction.blogspot.com 'This is a major development in the both the science of cosmology and astrophysics, on the one hand, and the philosophy and history of science on the other. It should be required reading for anyone interested in any of these topics.' Stacy McGaugh, Triton Station 'It is not every day that philosophy and alternative theories of gravity mix. But David Merritt does exactly that in his book discussing Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), a group of theories first introduced by Mordehai Milgrom in the 1980s. The book leans heavily on the epistemological theories of Imre Lakatos to understand MOND and compare it to the standard cold dark-matter cosmological model. Merritt argues that MOND has produced a number of falsifiable and ultimately verified predictions that should at least present it as a viable alternative theory for our current cosmological understanding of the Universe.' Marios Karouzos, Nature Astronomy '... [David Merritt] presents a discussion of MOND and the roles of evidence and theory in the philosophy of science. His writing is lucid and thought provoking. Merritt is a practicing astrophysicist; this monograph represents his first excursion into the philosophy of science. Students and professionals in related fields will find the book valuable.' A. Spero, Choice

'This book gives a very careful analysis of the relation of theory to observational confirmation in astrophysics and cosmology, using as a case study the succession of MOND models proposed by Milgrom. Using Lakatos's approach, which is contrasted with Popper's proposals, the book focuses with exemplary clarity on the question of to what extent theories can be taken to be validated by observational tests. This is a great contribution to the philosophy of cosmology, which will also make the reader appreciate the strength of Milgrom's theory in terms of having, in advance, made predictions which were subsequently confirmed.' George F. R. Ellis, University of Cape Town 'Merritt's take on dark matter is as thorough as it is illuminating. It is rare to find arguments so rigorous on both the scientific and philosophical sides, while still being eminently readable. This book will be insightful for practitioners in astrophysics as well for those wanting to understand what has been going on in astrophysics lately.' Sabine Hossenfelder, Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies 'David Merritt, in an excellent well-written discussion, considers MOND, an alternative to dark matter, in terms of the ideas of Karl Popper and Imre Lakatos. In assessing a scientific theory, Popper emphasized falsification over verification, but in practice a theory may grow in content through a 'research program'. This growth is judged to be progressive if it successfully predicts new phenomena not related to those the theory was designed to explain. Merritt traces the MOND research program through various stages, pointing out numerous progressive successes. The point is that MOND is essentially predictive; the standard theory, dark matter, is essentially reactive.' Robert H. Sanders, University of Groningen 'Merritt's book has an excellent (and blissfully short) introduction into the philosophy of science that contains everything you need to know to follow along. The book is extremely well structured ... I think that everyone who has a research interest in astrophysics and cosmology will benefit from reading this book. And I think that physics would much benefit from a similar analysis of inflation and other hypotheses for the early universe, quantum gravity, theories of everything and grand unification, and quantum foundations.' Sabine Hossenfelder, BackReaction.blogspot.com 'This is a major development in the both the science of cosmology and astrophysics, on the one hand, and the philosophy and history of science on the other. It should be required reading for anyone interested in any of these topics.' Stacy McGaugh, Triton Station 'It is not every day that philosophy and alternative theories of gravity mix. But David Merritt does exactly that in his book discussing Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), a group of theories first introduced by Mordehai Milgrom in the 1980s. The book leans heavily on the epistemological theories of Imre Lakatos to understand MOND and compare it to the standard cold dark-matter cosmological model. Merritt argues that MOND has produced a number of falsifiable and ultimately verified predictions that should at least present it as a viable alternative theory for our current cosmological understanding of the Universe.' Marios Karouzos, Nature Astronomy

Author Information

David Merritt was a professor at the Rochester Institute of Technology, and before that at Rutgers University, New Jersey, whose research interests include galaxy dynamics and evolution, supermassive black holes, and computational astrophysics. He is a former Chair of the Division on Dynamical Astronomy of the American Astronomical Society and is a founding member of the Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation at RIT. He is author of the graduate textbook Dynamics and Evolution of Galactic Nuclei (2013).

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